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Summary Comparative Politics
University Leiden
Year 1, Block 3, Politicologie
Lecture 1: What is comparative politics
Objectives:
Define comparative politics
The role of comparison
Recognise different theoretical approaches
Comparative Politics
addresses how factors influence others, what drives behavior including multi level politics.
There is a scientific reason to compare: does X influence Y? is there causality or correlation?
Statistical control: mathematically estimate the effects when changing one variable
Comparative controle: Select cases in such a way that we can eliminate alternative explanation
Qualitative Methods: Small cases but a lot of information
Quantitative methods: Statistical solvability by mathematical comparisons using graphs
Single case studies according to leiphart:
A-theoretical
Interpretative
Hypothesis building
theory infirming
Deviant case study
Comparative in this case means comparing your study to all other cases which accort to a specific theory
Comparative research consists of:
most similar system
selecting cases which are as similar as possible but contain different outcomes
look for the differences which determine the different outcomes
This formes an independent variable
Most dissimilar systems design:
select different cases but similar outcomes
look for select similarities within different cases in cofounding potential
This forms the reason of the similar outcome
Challenges of comparison
Too many variables and too little cases
Biased selection
Survivorship bias: only accord for the surviving states
Confirmation bias: selecting cases which for your theory
Value bias: selecting cases which accord to your outcome
Lecture 2: The State
Objectives:
Define and outline the differences between the key concepts of politics, power and authority
Discuss the classical definition of the state
Outline discussions surrounding the role of the state in the global south including notions of state capacity and weakness
Theories consist of
A filter: what is important
Explanatory reasoning: What is the explanation
Prediction: What is likely to happen
Theoretical approaches
Institutionalism: institutions provide a framework within which decisions are made
Rational choice: Individuals make decisions on maximizing self interest
Structuralism: relationships between parts of the political system form a structure that is more important than the individual parts
Cultural: Politics and government are influenced by culture
Interpretivism: Politics are decided by the opinion of the participants
Politics: about the allocation of resources
Power: One actor has the possibility to project his will upon others despite resistance
Authority: defines rightful rule
Traditional: always been that way
Charismatic: appeal
Legal-rational: legitimate in a preset of rules
The state: a human community that successfully claims the monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
The state is defined by intern and extern legitimacy
Government
Population
Legitimacy
Territory
Sovereignty
Lecture 3: Democracy and democratization
Objectives:
different definitions of democracy
Difference between direct, representative and liberal democracy is
Stage model of democratization in waves
Democracy: Political system in which government is based on a fair and open mandate from all qualified citizens of a state
Direct: all members of the community take part in making the decisions
representative: members of the community elect people to represent their interests to make decisions
Liberal democracy: Indirect democracy in which democracy only exists in the constitutional protection of individual rights
There is a procedural minimum for democratic political regimes:
1) Control over policy decisions is vested in elected officials
2) Elections are frequent, free and fair
3) Universal suffrage
4) Universal right to run for office
5) Freedom of expression
6) Freedom of information
7) Freedom of association
Regime: The rules and procedures which regulate
(1) Who can access political power,
(2) how political power is accessed; and
(3) how power is executed.
Authoritarian regime
(1) Access to political power is limited
(2) competition for popular support does not determine who accesses power
(3) exercise of power is not limited by law.
Democratic regime
(1) Access to political power is universal in principle
(2)competition for popular support determines access
(3) exercise of power is limited by rule of law.
Seymour M. Lipset (1959): “The more well-todo a nation, the higher the chances that it will sustain democracy.”
Adam Przeworski et al. (2000): Countries beyond a GDP/capita of 6,055 USD do not suffer democratic breakdown
Dietrich Rueschemeyer et al. (1997): Democratic development presupposes a developed working class
thus Economic development is necessary for democratization
Regime change consists of three phases:
Regime Breakdown: exogenous shocks, elite conflict or uprisings
Transition: The moment between regimes
Consolidation: institutionalization of new rules
Lecture 4: Why does participation matter
“Because there is a decline in traditional forms of participation, a crisis of democracy.”
Reasons to participate in a democracy
Oversight
Prevention
Public opinion
The range of views held on an issue of public concern by the members of an affected community
Opinion poll: a series of questions asked in a standard way of a systematic sample f the population in order to gauge public opinion
Focus group: moderated discussion among a small group of respondent on a particular topic used to explore the thinking and emotions behind people’s attitudes
Public participation has different conceptions
Involves peoples as citizens
activity
voluntary
is intended to influence politics
definition: Activity by individuals formally intended to influence who governs or the decision taken by those who do
Conventional/not conventional political participation: what the political system decides to be legal or illegal to participate.
Lecture 5: Parties and the Party system
Define the concept of a political party
outline the functions of political parties
describe the development of political parties and the structure of party systems
What is a political party?
“A party is any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections and is capable of placing through elections candidates for public office”
Why political parties?
“The political parties created democracy and modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties.”
National states: “relatively centralized, differentiated organizations the officials of which more or less successfully claim control over the chief concentrated means of violence within a population inhabiting a large, contiguous territory.”
“War made the state and the state made war”
States in Europe were founded by:
State making: Elimination of internal rivals
War making: Eliminating or neutralizing rivals outside of a defined territory
Protection: Eliminating the rivals of their clients
Extraction: Acquiring the means to carry out the other functions
A nation
Nation describes a group of people who share a common history and culture
Limited: contrast against other nations
Sovereign: the nation as the ultimate holder over sovereignty
Community: sense of common interests despite differences
State capacity: the ability of a state to control its territory
Juridically states share:
Constitutions
Ministries
Armies
However states differ in practice: absence of existential military pressure and the availability of external sources of revenue leads to low levels of state capacity.
What do political parties do?
Government > Providing a foundation for the exercise of power by governments offering them direction.
Guidance > Giving voters coherence and contrasting sets of policies from which to choose, giving effect to the idea of liberal democracy.
Aggregation > Aggregating interests, filtering many specific demands into manageable and prioritized packages of proposals
Mobilization > Encouraging citizens to take part in politics by campaigning raising funds or voting.
Recruitment > Recruiting and preparing candidates for public office.
Also control
Not all parties do all of these things. Autocratic parties will focus more on control.
Origin and development of political parties
Externally mobilized: parties are established by leaders who do not occupy positions of power in the prevailing regime and who seek to bludgeon their way into the poitical system by mobilizing and organizing a mass constituency. These are created from mass movements
Internally mobilized: Parties are founded by politicians who occupy leadership positions in the prevailing regime and who undertake to mobilize and organize a popular following behind themselves.
19th century > cadre/caucus parties > internally mobilized by MPs under conditions of limited suffrage; conservative vs. liberal.
1880-1960 > Mass parties > Externally mobilized, extension of suffrage; class cleavage; contagion from the left. New representatives from people who just gained suffrage.
1945> > Catch-all Parties > Large parties converge in the center, diminishing the role of party activists but rely more on the media.
1970> > Cartel Parties > Parties increasingly financed by the state, parties in power form a cartel to keep newcomers out.
Parties move over time from the civil society to the state
Party System: The overall configuration of political parties based on their number, their relative importance, the interactions among them and the laws that regulate them.
Two party vs multi party
polarization
Genealogy of party systems:
Bottom line: modern political parties emerged from cleavages created by the national and industrial revolutions
National revolution: increasing administrative centralization and cultural standardization
Industrial revolution: Increasing transition to urban-based manufacturing
National revolution
Center-periphery cleavage
State-church cleavage
Industrial revolution
Rural-urban conflict
Capital-labor conflict
Critical junctures in history
Reformation
Democratic revolution
Industrial revolution
freezing hypothesis states that the parties of 1960 represent the cleavages from 1920
How do cleavages produce party systems?
Latent Cleavages: social conflict where nobody does something about
Cross-cutting and reïnforcing cleavages:
Institutions: systems lead to specific party compositions
Materialist vs post-materialist parties
Emerged in 1960s
Rise of the green parties
Globalist vs. anti-globalist
Emerged in the 2000s
Right-wing and left-wing populism
Form of party systems
The number of effective numbers N = 1 / Sum
Types of party systems
No-party systems
Single-party systems
Dominant party systems
Two party systems
Lecture 6: Election and Electoral Behaviour
cross-cutting cleavages are likely to create more parties
latent cleavages are not institutionalized, not weak but not acted appon
Cleavages are no part of a party system
Objectives:
describe and contrast the main families of electoral systems
Outline debates around the determinants of voting behavior
define the concepts party identification, party alignment and …
Majoritan vision: elections produce clear results based on well-defined alternatives between governing teams and their political programs leading to stable governments and concentrated power
proportional vision: elections determine representatives who bargain on behalf of their supporthers thereby guaranteeing all social groups are represented and power is dispersed.
electing legislators:
plurality voting
Relative majority wins a seat
Dispropotionality, a lot of majorities without vote majorities
Duverger’s Law
mechanical effect: party B and C will not be represented
psychological: actors anticipate and form coalitions and avoid voting for hopeless parties
Majority voting
The person with the majority wins, otherwise force a majority with a second round 1v1
- Tactical voting
Proportional Representatives
Several constituencies
voters vote for party lists
These can be decided by voters or parties.
high proportionality, but risk of instability by difficult coalitions
Mixed systems
several constituencies roughly proportionate
voters vote for party lists and direct candidates, two votes
addition seats are added when winners exceed proportional seats
presidential elections:
People in the US identify themselves a lot with the party which provides a filter for political events.
Partisan dealignment: people don’t identify themselves with a party anymore
Class alignment measured by:
the goldthorpe system
Employment type
Contracttype
alford index
The religious vote: voting on a party because it is part of a certain religion
It is getting harder to predict what people will vote for because:
Issue voting
Short term factoren
not adequate information
not caring about specific policies
is there a difference between candidates
Economic voting:
How do voters measure the economy
Do economic incentives turn into vote buying
Personalization
voters make decision based on the personality of the candidates
particular circumstances
particular importance of personality traits judged important for office
Turnout
the more participation there is in decisions, the more democracy there is
elections decide issues of lesser importance than earlier elections did.
Lecture 6: Review Session (Two, one in the middle and one in the end of the course)
Review lectures consist of answers to questions asked by students and are mostly not necessary information for an Exam. However, it still is interesting :)
Three ideal parties
Charismatic (appeal by characters)
Cliëntelist (Voter buying)
Programmatic (policy implementing)
(Eastern European) degree of programmatic competition
System time (How long does the democratic system exist)
Political structure (In what degree is personalization part of the system)
Structure of rule and transition
Timing of industrialization and political mobilization
Cleavages (Eastern European)
Universalist vs. Ethno-culturalist
Liberalism vs. authoritarianism
Free market vs. economic populism
Candidate selection
Selectorate: those who control the selection of candidates for elections
inclusive vs exclusive selectorate
(open/closed primary, party members, party committee, party leader
Lecture 7: Interests groups and social movements
Outline the role of interest groups in different political systems
Describe the most common types of interest groups
Discuss the role of social movements under democratic and non-democratic regimes
Civil society and state society relations
civil society: the arena that exists outside the state or the market and within which individuals take collective action on shared interests.
state power vs market profit vs family personal
Authoritarian executives
Autocracies are political regimes in which a leader or occasionally a small group exercises power within formally ill-defined limits but actually quite predictable ones.
Military regime - coup
Party-based regime - revolution
Personalist Regime - civil war
Lecture 8: Executive-Legislative Relations
Objectives:
Define the most common types of executive-legislative relations
Types of governments and coalitions in parliamentary democracies
Outline different forms of executive powers
Presidential system: Head of state = head of government, separate elections for legislature and executive, also separate survival
Semi-presidential system: Head of state = head of government, Separate elections President can dissolve legislature, president co-exists with seperate elected prime minister.
Parliamentary systems: Head of state is not the head of government, executive emerges from legislature. Mutual dependence for survival
Presidentialism is less stable than parliamentary systems because:
Competing claims of legitimacy (deadlock)
fixed term limits
zero-sum mentality
Style of leadership
chances of political outsiders
but: the presidential system doesn't have to be zero-sum or polarizing + there is no causal connection between presidentialism and instability. Presidential systems are more common in political inhospitable land.
Different forms of representation:
Formalistic Representation: What rules determine who represents? How are representatives held accountable?
Symbolic Representation: How do constituents relate to representatives? Are representatives considered as representative?
Descriptive Representation: Do representatives share important social or identity traits with constituents?
Substantive Representation: Do representatives act in the interest of their constituents?
representation can be seen as:
Delegate: representatives are the mouthpieces of voters
Trustee: Representatives get the autonomy to act in the greater good
Partisan: Representatives are members of a party and decide in line with the party
Deliberation:
debating legislature: floor debate is the central activity
Committee-based legislature: most work takes plays in committees
Gamson’s Law: cabinet portfolios will be distributed among government parties in strict proportion to the number of seats that each party contributes to the government’s legislative seat total
Coalition building
A minimal winning coalition is one where there are no party’s that are not required to control a legislative majority
A least minimal winning coalition is the coalition with the lowest number of surplus seats
A connected coalition is one with the most ideologically connected parties
Structure of cameralisms
Bicameralism:
Weak bicameralism: Arises when the lower chamber dominates the upper, providing the primary focus for government accountability. (unitary parliamentary countries)
Strong bicameralism: Occurs when the two chambers are more balanced, as in federations with presidential executives. (Federal and presidential countries)
Authoritarian executives:
Autocracies are political regime “in which a leader or occasionally a small group exercises power within formally ill-defined limits but actually quite predictable ones.” (Linz 1964, 255)
originates from:
Military
Party
Clique
Lecture 9: Multilevel Governance
Outline the notion of multilevel governance
Describe and contrast unitary states and federations as well as dual and cooperative federalism
Define deconcentration, delegation and devolution
two trends:
Increasing importance of sub-national level
Increasing importance of supra-national level
Self rule: The authority that a subnational government exercises in its own territory
Shared rule: The authority that a subnational government co-exercises in the country as a whole
Multi-Level governance: administrative system in which power is distributed and shared horizontally and vertically among different levels of government, from the supranational to the local with considerable interaction among the parts
an arrangement for making binding decisions that engages a multiplicity of politically independent but otherwise interdependent actors
Different levels of territorial aggregation
Does not assign exclusive policy competence or assert a stable hierarchy of political authority
Four systems:
Unitary system: one in which sovereignty rests with the national government and regional or local units have no independent powers
Federal system: One in which sovereignty is shared between two or more levels of government. each with independent powers and responsibilities.
Quasi-federation: system of administration that is formally unitary but has some of the features of a federation.
Dual federalism: National and local levels of government function independently from one another, with separate responsibilities.
Cooperative federalism: the layers are intermingled and it is difficult always to see who has ultimate responsibility
Deconcentration: central government tasks are shifted from employees working in the capital to those working in the regions or local districts
Delegation: Central government responsibilities are shifted to semi-autonomous bodies accountable to central government
Devolution: Central-government transfers some decision-making autonomy to lower levels.
Lecture 10: Constitutions and Courts
objectives:
Outline the functions of constitutions
Describe the role of courts in politics referring to the supreme court and constitutional court models
Discuss the issues of constitutional review and judicial activism
The structure of constitutions:
preamble: seeks popular support
Organizational section: seeks the power and structures between governmental institutions
Bill of rights: covers individual rights and group rights including access to legal redress
Procedures of amendment: outlines the procedure for revising the constitution\
Entrenchment: the question of the legal procedures for amending a constitution
Rigid constitution: one that is entrenched, requiring more demanding amendment procedures
Flexible constitution: one that can be amended more easily often the same way that normal legislation is passed
Supreme court:
Is a part of the normal court system, with appeals you end up in the supreme court.
Concrete review: based on referrals from lower courts or appeals
Constitutional court: specialized, Only makes rulings about the constitution.
Concrete review: based on referrals from lower courts or appeals
Abstract review: Based on request from federal or state government, or ¼ of MPs
Common law
Uncodified (No book)
Judicial precedents are binding (making rulings)
Judges make rulings, building on and setting new precedent
Main source is case law
The system is adversarial
Civil Law
Codified (book)
Judicial precedents are not binding (past doesn’t matter)
Judges establish the facts of the case and apply the applicable code
Statutes are the main sources (Written laws)
Perspectives prorogue
Rule of law: courts as guarantors of equality before the law
Judiciocracy: courts are undermining parliamentary prerogatives and therefore democracy
Judicial Activism: judicial involvement in politics
Judicialization of politics: the reliance on courts and judicial means for addressing core moral predicaments, public policy questions and political controversies - is arguably one of the most significant phenomena of late twentieth and early twenty-first century government (Hirschl 2008)
Reasons for judicial activism:
functionalism: proliferation of levels of government and administrative agencies favors judicialization
Rights revolution: judicialization from below as social actors increasingly use legal means to secure their rights
Institutionalism: the spread of democracy and the emergence of supranational courts favors judicialization
Judges: judiciaries have become politicized and judges actively seek to expand their purview
Judicialization from above: politicians profit from shifting blame to courts
Lecture 11: Political Economy
Outline the varieties of capitalism and welfare states in advanced economies
Remember core issues in the political economy of development
Outline the resource curse and rentier state arguments
Political economy: is about the comparative study of distributional outcomes across countries
basic functions the state:
Provide security
Protect private and property rights, enforce contracts
Currency
Additional:
Provision of public goods (transportation and infrastructure)
Mitigate market failures
Externalities
incomplete information
Monopolies
Political functions:
Workers Rights (minimum wage)
Scale from state controlled till the free market
Karl Marx vs Adam Smith
Marxism: critique of capitalist mode of production
class differences inherent in capitalism will lead to revolution
workers will seize the means of production
class distinctions will dissapear
Keynesianism: capitalism is the extraordinary belief that the nastiest of men for the nastiest of motives will somehow work together for the benefit of all
Counter-cyclical spending
State should encourage growth even when there is a deficit or inflation
Neoliberalism:
State intervention in the economy breeds political tyranny and serfdom
State should just provide the rule of law
All economic activity should be free of regulation
Since Raegan and Thatcher in 1980s
Varieties of capitalism
Liberal market economies
Market mechanisms
low unionization, interest group pluralism
minimal welfare state, lower taxes
USA
Coordinated market economies
Coordination
High unionization, interest group corporatism
Stronger welfare state, higher taxes
Germany
Welfare states:
Three dimensions:
Liberal, conservative, social democratic
De-commodification, redistribution, primay mechanism
Development
Comparative advantage: if each country produces what it can produce well, this will maximize economic efficiency and well-being
Import-substituting industrialization: development policy relying on state intervention to protect nascent industries in developing countries: leads to trade barriers (Brazil as succes)
Structural adjustment programs: development programs based on neo-liberal principles relying on reduced state intervention and privatization (Chile and southeast asia as succes)
Leads to slow growth of developing countries
Increased poverty sometimes
One Important question always on the exam :):
What is Duverger's law consist of?
Mechanical effect: Under the plurality (FPTP) rule, party A wins the seat—parties B and C are not represented
Psychological effect: Actors anticipate the mechanical effect and therefore (1) form electoral coalitions (in the example B and C will join forces) and (2) avoid voting for hopeless parties
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Samenvatting Economie voor politicologen Universiteit Leiden jaar 1 Bachelor Politicologie blok 3.
Lecture 1: The core of the market economy, a spontanous order
Opportunity costs: the value of the good service or time lost to obtain something else
Microeconomics studies individual decision-making units, such as a consumer, a worker, or a business firm.
Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole or its aggregates
Aggregate: a collection of specific economic units treated as if they were one unit.
Economic problem: the need to make choices because wants exceeds means
Economic problems for individuals
Limited income forces people to choose what to buy and what not
Necessities and luxuries as types of wants
Economic problems for society:
Scarcity of economic resources: land, labor, kapital, entrepreneurial ability (KANO)
Many ways to distribute: goods and private or government services
Production possibilities model
Assumptions:
Full employment of resources
Fixed resources
Fixed technology
Two goods: consumer and capital goods
Creates a negative curve downwards
Law of increasing opportunity costs: as production of a good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit increases.
Budget Line: shows various combinations of two products a consumer can buy with a specific money income.
Economic system: a particular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism for producing goods and services.
Two types of economic systems:
Command system
Government owns most of the production
Economic decisions are made by a central governing body
Failure because
Coordination problem: output targets
Incentive problem: no adjustments for surplus or shortage
Market system
Production is privately owned
Markets and prices are used to direct and coordinate economic activities
Freedom of enterprise
Freedom of choice
Private property
Self interest is the most advantageous outcome
Competition is the present in the market
Summary Comparative Politics
University Leiden
Year 1, Block 3, Politicologie
Lecture 1: What is comparative politics
Objectives:
Define comparative politics
The role of comparison
Recognise different theoretical approaches
Comparative Politics
addresses how factors influence others, what drives behavior including multi level politics.
There is a scientific reason to compare: does X influence Y? is there causality or correlation?
Statistical control: mathematically estimate the effects when changing one variable
Comparative controle: Select cases in such a way that we can eliminate alternative explanation
Qualitative Methods: Small cases but a lot of information
Quantitative methods: Statistical solvability by mathematical comparisons using graphs
Single case studies according to leiphart:
A-theoretical
Interpretative
Hypothesis building
theory infirming
Deviant case study
Comparative in this case means comparing your study to all other cases which accort to a specific theory
Comparative research consists of:
most similar system
selecting cases which are as similar as possible but contain different outcomes
look for the differences which determine the different outcomes
This formes an independent variable
Most dissimilar systems design:
select different cases but similar outcomes
look for select similarities within different cases in cofounding potential
This forms the reason of the similar outcome
Challenges of comparison
Too many variables and too little cases
Biased selection
Survivorship bias: only accord for the surviving states
Confirmation bias: selecting cases which for your theory
Value bias: selecting cases which accord to your outcome
Lecture 2: The State
Objectives:
Define and outline the differences between the key concepts of politics, power and authority
Discuss the classical definition of the state
Outline discussions surrounding the role of the state
SPSS instructies video samenvatting Statistiek II:
Scatterplot en regressielijn
Scatterplot maken (simpel):
Beide interval ratio, geen missing values!
x-as onafhankelijk, y-as afhankelijjk
Graphs > Chartbuilder > Scatter > simple scatter > linear fit lines total > OK
Chart editor > fit line at total
Scatterplot maken (lastig)
Beide interval ratio, geen missing values!
x-as onafhankelijk, y-as afhankelijjk
Graphs > Chartbuilder > Scatter > simple scatter > Paste > (rij ELEMENT point.jitter( > Run (vanaf GGRAPH)
Chart editor > fit line at total
Bivariate en multivariate regressie
Bivariate regressie analyse maken
Beide interval ratio
Analyze > regression > linear > Dependent en independent > ok
Coefficients unstandardized B voor de constante en de richtingscoëfficient
Multivariate regressie analyse maken
Beide interval ratio
Analyze > regression > linear > Dependent en 2x independent > ok
Multivariate regressie hiërarchische methode gebruiken
Analyze > regression > linear > independent > next > independent > r square change (geeft weer of het model in blok twee significant beter is dan het model in blok 1) > OK
Significantie van de R squared change laat zien of model 1 beter is dan geen independent variables en of model 2 beter is dan model 1.
Anovatest: laat zien dat beide modellen dezelfde N gebruikt
Coëfficiënts: constanten en coëfficienten voor model 1 en 2 los, laat zien dat beide een significante waarde hebben
excluded variable: laat zien welke waarde niet is toegevoegd aan model 1
Dummy-variabelen in een regressieanalyse
Voor nominale waarden in een regressietabel moet er een dummyvariabele worden gemaakt
transform > recode into different variable > verander naam in voorspelling van de nieuwe variabele > Change > old and new values > 1 wordt 0, 2 wordt 1, MISSING-SYSMIS
Analyze > regression > linear > independent=dummy > ok
Coefficients: constante laat de gemiddelde waarde op de variabele zien, female coefficient laat zien hoe meer/minder op de variabele wordt gekeken (Let op sig)
Bij meerdere dummies
Summary Comparative Politics
University Leiden
Year 1, Block 3, Politicologie
Lecture 1: What is comparative politics
Objectives:
Define comparative politics
The role of comparison
Recognise different theoretical approaches
Comparative Politics
addresses how factors influence others, what drives behavior including multi level politics.
There is a scientific reason to compare: does X influence Y? is there causality or correlation?
Statistical control: mathematically estimate the effects when changing one variable
Comparative controle: Select cases in such a way that we can eliminate alternative explanation
Qualitative Methods: Small cases but a lot of information
Quantitative methods: Statistical solvability by mathematical comparisons using graphs
Single case studies according to leiphart:
A-theoretical
Interpretative
Hypothesis building
theory infirming
Deviant case study
Comparative in this case means comparing your study to all other cases which accort to a specific theory
Comparative research consists of:
most similar system
selecting cases which are as similar as possible but contain different outcomes
look for the differences which determine the different outcomes
This formes an independent variable
Most dissimilar systems design:
select different cases but similar outcomes
look for select similarities within different cases in cofounding potential
This forms the reason of the similar outcome
Challenges of comparison
Too many variables and too little cases
Biased selection
Survivorship bias: only accord for the surviving states
Confirmation bias: selecting cases which for your theory
Value bias: selecting cases which accord to your outcome
Lecture 2: The State
Objectives:
Define and outline the differences between the key concepts of politics, power and authority
Discuss the classical definition of the state
Outline discussions surrounding the role of the state
Samenvatting en collegeaantekeningen - Internationale Politiek Bachelor 1 - Universiteit Leiden
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Vergelijking samenvatting Daan Blitz contributed on 06-04-2022 14:23
Wat leuk om te lezen! Moet je voor dit vak nog steeds Comparative Government and Politics lezen? Misschien heb je dan wat aan de volgende bijdrage: Samenvatting van Comparative Government and Politics van Hague en Harrop? Een vergelijking van De PoliticologieSupportal
Yes :) Luc Berger contributed on 08-04-2022 10:02
Dit is inderdaad nog het boek dat gebruikt wordt dus dit is zeker nuttig!
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