Questions

Question 1

When does a fertilized egg be called 'fetus'? 

1. Directly after conception.
2. After three weeks.
3. After nine weeks.
4. After three months.

Question 2

What is cell differentiation?

1. The process that takes place 12 hours after fertilization.
2. The process whereby cells specialize in structure and function.
3. The process of movement of newly formed cells away from their original location.
4. The process whereby redundant cells are destroyed. 

Question 3 

Which of the following is no consequence of being small for gestational age?

1. Learning problems.
2. Social problems.
3. Increased risk of infections.
4. Insufficient growth.

Question 4

In what phase of development do teratogens cause the most severe damage?

1. Directly after conception.
2. In the fetal phase of prenatal development.
3. In the embryonic phase of prenatal development.
4. In post-natal development.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about sensitive periods in prenatal development is correct?

1. The sensitive periods of the first major organ systems are simultaneous.
2. Teratogens have the most severe effect on prenatal development just prior to the development of an organ system.
3. The sensitive period of an organ is the period in which the basic structures of this organ are formed.
4. The sensitive period of limb development occurs several weeks before limb development begins.

Question 6

The single cell that forms when two gametes merge during conception is called a ...

1. Zygote.
2. Ova.
3. Sperm.
4. Embryo.

Question 7

Which process of prenatal development is critical to the specialization of cells?

1. Cell division.
2. Synaptogenesis.
3. Cell differentiation.
4. Apoptosis.

Question 8

Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as ... . Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly ... twins.

1. Monozygotic; identical.
2. Dizygotic; fraternal.
3. Dizygotic; monozygotic.
4. Monozygotic; dizygotic.

Question 9

Which of the following systems protects the developing embryo from dangerous toxins?

1. Amniotic sac.
2. Placenta.
3. Umbilical cord.
4. Neural tube.

Question 10

The disproportionaly large head of a 5-month-old fetus is a typical result of the normal process of ...

1. Cephalocaudal development.
2. Proximal-distal development.
3. Lateral development.
4. Bottom-up development.

Question 11

Which of the following sense is the least active while the fetus is in the womb?

1. Hearing.
2. Smell.
3. Taste.
4. Sight.

Question 12

Logan's dad is thrilled as Logan laughs each time he shows him a new toy: a monkey that squeaks when he pushes on its belly. After repeated exposure to the squeaking monkey, Logan becomes bored and no longer laughs. This process is known as ...

1. Habituation.
2. Dishabituation.
3. Classical conditioning.
4. Operant conditioning.

Question 13

The DeCasper and Spence study, in which pregnant

Questions

Question 1

Which concept of Piaget is defined by the following: The process by which people process incoming information according to concepts they already understand.

1. Modification.
2. Equilibration.
3. Assimilation.
4. Accommodation.

Question 2

Which of the following is the right order of Piaget's stages?

1. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
2. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.
3. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
4. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

1. Core-knowledge theorist propose that children are born with general knowledge and that they expand this knowledge gradually. Piaget proposes that children are born with both general knowledge and specialized learning mechanisms to acquire additional information.
2. Core-knowledge theorist see the child as scientist, Piaget sees the child as a well-adapted product of evolution. 

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 4

What are the three hallmarks of Piaget's Constructivism?

1. The child is a scientist, learning happens through the environment, and extrinsic motivation.
2. The child is a 'blank slate', learning is done by the environment, and intrinsic motivation.
3. The child is a scientist, learning is done independently, and has extrinsic motivation.
4. The child is a scientist, learning is done independently, and has intrinsic motivation.

Question 5

Which theory focuses most on the innate learning skills of a child?

1. Information processing theory.
2. Piaget's Theory.
3. Dynamic systems theory.
4. Core knowledge theory.

Question 6

According to Piaget, development is both continuous and discontinuous. Which of the following aspects of Piagetian theory would be considered a source of discontinuity?

1. Assimilation.
2. Accommodation.
3. Equilibration.
4. Invariant stages.

Question 7

A noted accomplishment during Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ...

1. Symbolic representation.
2. Object permanence.
3. Conservation.
4. Egocentrism.

Question 8

According to information-processing theories, the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information is referred to as ...

1. Memory.
2. Rehearsal.
3. Metacognition.
4. Retrieval.

Question 9

Information-processing theories note several limits on children's thinking. Which of the following is not one of these limits?

1. Memory capacity.
2. Implementation of task analysis.
3. Speed of processing information.
4. Ability to utilize problem-solving strategies.

Question 10

Overlapping waves theory explains children's ability to ...

1. Selectively attend to the most relevant aspect of a problem.
2. Identify the obstacles in ahcieving a goal.
3. Effectively process mental operations.
4. Discover new strategies that lead to more efficient problem solving.

Question 11

According to core-knowledge theorists, children possess naïve theories in what three major domains?

1. Mathematics, psychology, and arts.
2. Biology, sociology, and psychology.

Questions

Question 1

Which concept is defined by the following? The smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more units.

1. Semantics.
2. Phonemes.
3. Morphemes.
4. Syntax.

Question 2

What is the second step in learning language?

1. The preparation for the production of speech by means of repetitive consonant-vowel sequences.
2. The perception of speech, by means of rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, etc. 
3. The first words.
4. Categorical perception.

Question 3

A child says: "I getted that from my grandmother". 'Getted' consists of three ...

1. Phonemes.
2. Morphemes.
3. Syntaxes.
4. Modularities.

Question 4

What's the Importance of Infant Directed Talk?

1. It is critical to the child's language development.
2. It is critical to the child's attachment.
3. It is not necessary, but it increases the chance of secure attachment.
4. It is not necessary, but it is helpful for the language development of the child.

Question 5

What does someone specialized in the interactionist perspective on language development find interesting?

1. The ability to use the social environment of what the other says.
2. The components of language and grammar.
3. The (innate) mechanisms for language development.
4. The importance of non-verbal communication for language development.

Question 6

Language ... refers to the understanding of what others say; language ... refers to the process of speaking.

1. Comprehension; production.
2. Development; generativity.
3. Pragmatics; semantics.
4. Perception; distribution.

Question 7

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants typiclaly experience a linguistic perceptual naarowing. What effect does this change have on their language development?

1. They become increasingly more sensitive to non-native speech sounds.
2. They focus more on the words they hear most frequently.
3. They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds.
4. Their ability to distinguish between speech and other environmental sounds diminishes.

Question 8

Emily is given two pictures: one shows a flower, a word she already knows, and the other shows a unicorn, which is new to her. When asked to point to the "unicorn", Emily points to the unknown image, which is of unicorn. Which assumption is Emily making in order to learn this new word?

1. Social contexts.
2. Intentionality.
3. Mutual exclusivity.
4. Grammatical categorization.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is not true of infant-directed speech (IDS)?

1. The exaggerated tone and pitch of IDS is often accompanied by exaggerated facial expressions.
2. Infants tend to prefer infant-drected speech to adult-directed speech.
3. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures.
4. Infant-directed signing has similar attributes to infant-directed speech but in the visual modality.

Question 10

The tendency of specific sounds to frequently recur in a language is known as ...

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true?

1. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems.
2. Fluid intelligence is the factual knowledge about the world.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 2

Which intelligence test is used for children of 6 years and older?

1. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test.
2. Revisie Amsterdamse Kinder-Intelligentie-Test (Rakit).
3. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
4. Raven's Progressive Matrices.

Question 3

Which of the following is true about IQ?

1. IQ scores are strong predictors of academic, economic and occupational achievements. 
2. Correlations between individual alleles of genes and IQ are very small, genetic influences on intelligence reflect small contributions from each of a very large number of genes and interactions among them.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 4

At the age of three, children learn to count. What is NOT a principle of counting?

1. One-on-one counting.
2. Cardinality.
3. Order irrelevance.
4. Perceptual counting.

Question 5

The correlation between the IQ of an adopted child and its biological parent ...

1. Decreases over time due to interaction of the genotype with the environment.
2. Increases over time due to interaction of the genotype with the environment.
3. Disappears when the child leaves the biological parent.
4. Is 100%.

Question 6

What is the Flynn Effect?

1. It states that intelligence scores have increased at the top of the scale in the last 70 years.
2. It states that intelligence scores have declined at the top of the scale in the last 70 years.
3. It states that intelligence scores have increased at the bottom of the scale in the last 70 years.
4. It states that intelligence scores have declined at the bottom of the scale in the last 70 years.

Question 7

Early reading skills help for the development of ...

1. Phonological awareness, which leads to an increase in later reading skills.
2. Grammatical awareness, which leads to an increase in later reading skills.
3. Phonological awareness, which leads to an increase in later reading and writing skills.
4. Grammatical awareness, which leads to an increase in later reading and writing skills.

Question 8

What do mnemonic strategies result?

1. The storage of information in the long-term memory is enhanced.
2. The storage of information from working memory in long-term memory is facilitated.
3. The storage of the working memory is increased.
4. The information in the long-term memory can be retrieved more easily.

Question 9

The memory of last summer's vacation is an example of ...

Questions

Question 1

Which theory is based on the idea of Darwin that emotions are innate? 

1. The functionalist perspective
2. The dynamic systems theory.
3. The basis-affection system theory.
4. The discrete emotions theory.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true?

1. Poor people experience as much depression as rich people. 
2. The percentage of depression decreases when children reach puberty. 

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 3

What are two examples of self-aware emotions?

1. Shame and anger.
2. Fear and Anger.
3. Pride and shame.
4. Pride and joy.

Question 4

What is the first form of emotional regulation that children develop?

1. Looking away from a negative stimulus.
2. Crying during a negative stimulus
3. Separation anxiety from the primary caregiver.
4. Disgust.

Question 5

The first negative emotion you see in young babies is ...

1. Anger.
2. Sadness.
3. Fear.
4. First you only see general distress: differentiating between negative emotions is still too difficult.

Question 6

From what age can you see a social smile in babies?

1. In the first week after birth.
2. After about 3 weeks of age.
3. From about 6 weeks of age.
4. After 4 to 5 months.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?

1. The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life.
2. The ability to experience and express emotion is a result of human evolution.
3. Individuals experience emotions in order to manage their relationship to their environment.
4. Infants across all cultures are born with the ability to express the six basic human emotions.

Question 8

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotions?

1. Neural responses.
2. Physiological factors.
3. Subjective feelings.
4. The desire to take action.

Question 9

The notion that humans have evolvd to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?

1. Functionalist perspective theory.
2. The AFFEX approach.
3. Display rules theory.
4. Discrete emotions theory.

Question 10

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?

1. Self-conscious emotions are thought to be innate.
2. Self-conscious emotions tend to occur very early in infancy.
3. Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others.
4. Self-conscious emotions have a consistently negative effect on development.

Questions

Question 1

Which parenting style is described by the following? Parents are cold, nonresponsive and high in demandingness. They are oriented toward control and expect their children to comply without question or explanation.

1. Authoritative parenting.
2. Authoritarian parenting.
3. Permissive parenting.
4. Uninvolved parenting.

Question 2

The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as ...

1. Parenting style.
2. Socialization.
3. Behaviorism.
4. Discipline.

Question 3

A recent trend in famiy structure in the United states is the increasing ages of first-time parents. Which of the following is not true of these older parents compared with younger parents?

1. Older parents tend to be more highly educated.
2. Older parents tend to earn higher income.
3. Older parents tend to use a harsher parenting style.
4. Older parents are less likely to get divorced within 10 years of having a child.

Question 4

Recent research has shown which of the following to be true of children of same-sex parents, compared with children of heterosexual parents?

1. They exhibit more mental health disorders.
2. They tend to perform better socially and academically.
3. They are similar in their sexual oreintation and degree of gender-typed behavior.
4. They report higher levels of parental aggression in adolescence.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is not true of divorce?

1. Young children tend to react more negatively to a parent's remarriage than do young adolescents.
2. For children in high-conflict families, divorce may increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for their adjustment.
3. Joint custody is the most common arrangement for parents and children after divorce.
4. Most children do not suffer significant, enduring problems as a result of their parent's divorce.

Question 6

The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as ... .

1. Parenting style.
2. Socialization.
3. Behaviorism.
4. Joint attention.

Question 7

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence children's adjustment in stepfamilies?

1. The amount of conflict between the custodial parent and the noncustodial parent.
2. The relationship between the noncustodial parent and the stepparent.
3. The genders of the child and stepparent.
4. The age difference between the biological parent and stepparent.

Question 8

Which of the following descriptions best fits the definition of "other-oriented induction"?

1. After a toddler has tkaen a toy from his friend, the toddler's mother scolds him and makes him apologize.
2. A father spanks his toddler after that toddler has tkaen a toy from her friend.
3. A mother puts her toddler in a time-out after he has taken a toy from his

Questions

Question 1

According to Piaget, there are two stages of development in children's moral reasoning, with a transitional period between them. During which ages does this transitional period occur?

1. From 2 – 4 years old.
2. From 4 – 7 years old.
3. From 7 – 10 years old.
4. From 10 – 12 years old.

Question 2

Which stage does not belong to Kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?

1. Preconventional moral reasoning.
2. Conventional moral reasoning.
3. Postconventional moral reasoning.
4. Complete moral reasoning.

Question 3

Kohlberg based his stages of morality on ...

1. Reasons behind moral decisions.
2. The stages of prosocial development.
3. The results of his studies of prosocial dilemmas.
4. Evidence that peers have a critical impact on children's moral development.

Question 4

What is the difference between a 2-year-old child and a child attending primary school in terms of aggression?

1. Aggression has increased overall.
2. Aggression has diminished overall.
3. Physical aggression decreases and verbal aggression increases.
4. Verbal aggression decreases and physical aggression increases.

Question 5

Katie accidentally breaks four cups as she helps ahar father set the table. Laura accidentally breaks a cup while secretly picking up a cookie from the cookie jar. Rose breaks two cups while fighting with her brother.

Which child deserves the highest punishment according to a child in Piaget's pre-operational stage of development?

1. Katie
2. Laura.
3. Rose.
4. They are all seen as equally guilty.

Question 6

Which of the following sentences is an example of instrumental aggression?

1. Tony pushes Joyce away so that he can get to the swing first.
2. Tony makes sure that Joyce is not allowed to participate in the other children's play.
3. Tony tells Joyce that he would like to have the toys she has now.
4. Tony destroys Joyce's sand castle because he's angry.

Question 7

According to Piaget, which of the following factors is most influential in the development of children's moral reasoning?

1. Adult influence.
2. Interactions with peers.
3. Societal norms.
4. Heredity.

Question 8

Sarah is angry and wants to break her mother's favorite vase. However, she doesn't want to get in trouble for her actions, so she decides to punch a pillow instead. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Sarah's behavior is typical of which level of moral development?

1. Preconventional
2. Developmental.
3. Conventional.
4. Postconventional.

Question 9

According to social domain theory, at approximately what age do children begin to believe that it is more important to follow moral rules than societal conventions?

1. 12 months.
2. 6 years.
3. 12 years.
4. 3 years.

Question 10

Prosocial behavior is best defined as ...

1. Behavior based on personal benefit.
2. Voluntary

Questions

Question 1

When do genetically influenced characteristics become evident?

1. Directly after birth.
2. When children are toddlers.
3. During preschool.
4. During middle childhood, adolescence or adulthood.

Question 2

Fill in:

When children encounter an unfamiliar stimulus, they accommodate / assimilate it to more familiar stimuli. At the same time, their understanding accommodates / assimilates to the experience, so that when they next encounter the unfamiliar stimulus will feel less strange. 

1. Accommodate, accommodates.
2. Assimilate, assimilates.
3. Accommodate, assimilates.
4. Assimilate, accommodates.

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

1. Children from poorer families are more often secure attached. 
2. Depression is more common among poor families.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 4

Which of the following statement accurately descirbes the interaction of nature and nurture?

1. Nature does its work before birth, and nurture takes over only after birth.
2. Nature's influence continues through infancy before giving way to the influence of nurture.
3. Nature and nurture begin interacting on the fetus in the womb, and both continue to shape the individual's development.
4. The role that both nature and nurture play in development is often overstated.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of the crucial role that timing plays in the potential impact of a teratogen?

1. The diet of a pregnant mother will influence taste preferences that the fetus will exhibit after birth.
2. By age 12 months, infants lose the ability to hear the difference between similar sounds that they do not encounter on a regular basis.
3. A virus will cause damage to the development of a fetus if contracted by the pregnant mother at specific sensitive times during pregnancy.
4. It is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children.

Question 6

The emerging fiel of epigenetics has helped to explain the ways in which a child's environment can influence gene expression. Which of the following is an example of this interaction?

1. Children with certain types of brain damage will perform on par with other children on IQ tests up to a certain age but will fall behind after that point.
2. It is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children.
3. A child who loses capability in one sense, such as sight, will often compensate with enhanced ability in another sense.
4. The amount of stress that a mother experiences during her child's infancy can affect that child's ability to regulate reaction to stress