Onderzoekspracticum design - college aantekeningen
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College 3 - onderzoekspracticum design
College 3
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In hoeverre verbetert het gebruik van digitale prentenboeken de woordenschat van kleuters in groep 2?
Experimenteel onderzoek (H13)
Eigenschappen:
- De onderzoeker manipuleert de onafhankelijke variabele
- De onderzoeker beslist over de aard en intensiteit van de interventie
- Na de interventie worden metingen verricht bij de experimentele- en controlegroep om te zien of ze verschillen
- Kern: voorbij beschrijving en voorspelling, op zoek naar oorzakelijke verbanden
Zwakke ‘experimentele’ designs
- One-shot case study (niet vaak gebruikt); geen controle groep, geen voormeting
- One-group pretest-posttest design: je kan voorstellen dat er een verandering is maar niet waardoor, het kan ook door rijping komen
- Static-group comparison design: hier is een controlegroep, stippellijn betekent dat de groepen niet random zijn
Echte experimentele designs
Randomized posttest-only control group design (geen voortest)
Randomized pretest-posttest control group design (testeffect kan optreden)
Randomized Solomon four-group design
Drie kenmerken van randomiseren:
- Vóórdat het experiment begint: Meestal door computer
- Gecontroleerd door de onderzoeker
- Met als resultaat: equivalente groepen (door voortest als controle)
- Doel = controle van externe verstorende variabelen
Quasi-experimentele designs
- Geen randomisering maar andere technieken om de validiteitsbedreigers onder controle te houden, bijv.:
- Houd een verstorende variabele constant
- Matching op voortoets en/of achtergrondkenmerken
Single-subject onderzoek (H14)
Kenmerken:
- Focus op individu i.p.v. groep (bv kind met beperking)
- Doelgerichte steekproef
- Intensieve gegevensverzameling
- Evaluatie van effect interventie (verschil met case study)
- Time-series design (data op tijdlijn op x-as)
Sam – 5 jaar oud, doofblind geboren, Kan nog enig licht zien, heeft gehoorapparaten, Ontwikkelingsleeftijd 14 maanden, Begrijpt betekenis van 10 woorden die naar concrete objecten verwijzen; 5 tekens en 15 gesproken woorden, Gebruikt zelf één teken - “klaar”
- Doel: betere interactie met Sam
- Opzet:
3 fases:
- Baseline – metingen vooraf
- Interventie – metingen tijdens
- Follow up – metingen na afloop
Je ziet dat de negatieve reacties erg zijn gedaald. Er zijn dus hoopvolle resultaten voor de interventie.
Typen single-subject designs (A baseline, B interventie, C variatie op interventie)
- A-B design (one shot study design)
- Twee fases: eerst baseline, dan interventie
- A-B-A design
- Idem, maar dan met een reeks posttest-metingen
- A-B-A-B design
- Zoals A-B, maar dan herhaald
- B-A-B design
- Zonder baseline: te gebruiken als er snel een gedragsverandering nodig is
- A-B-C-B design
- Toevoeging C-fase: een variatie op de B-fase
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