Examtests with Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature by Larsen a.o. - 3rd edition

What is personality psychology? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions

Question 1

What is the study of a single individual an example of?

1. Nomothetic research.
2. Correlational research.
3. Idiographic research.
4. Cognitive psychological research.

Question 2

Which of the following possibilities makes a typical statement about character?

1. "I am big and strong."
2. "You can rely on me."
3. "I come up with solutions to problems."
4. "I respond quickly and energetically."

Question 3

Psychological mechanisms differ from properties in that mechanisms:

1. Refer more to processes.
2. Are less stable.
3. Do not include decision-making rules.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 4

The dispositional area assumes that change occurs:

1. When the environment changes.
2. By therapy.
3. By the way properties are expressed.
4. Because properties change.

Question 5

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior.
2. Cause behavior.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.
4. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Question 6

According to the intrapsychic approach, the source of all psychological problems lies in:

1. The unconscious.
2. (Bad) environments.
3. Chemical imbalance in the brain.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

The dispositional domain deals with personality problems:

1. By psychoanalysis.
2. By cognitive therapy.
3. By fitting in the right environments.
4. By changing relationships between reward and punishment.

Question 8

Which of the following concepts is a subcategory of personality?

1. Individual differences.
2. Character.
3. Intelligence.
4. The Big Five.

Question 9

Which domain relies most on the statistical method to identify fundamental properties?

1. The dispositional domain.
2. The biological domain.
3. The domain of the adaptation.
4. The social and cultural domain.

Question 10

The intrapsychic approach sees behavior as:

1. Especially random.
2. Mainly caused by environment.
3. Mainly determined by mental powers.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 11

A dispositional researcher would expect someone who is friendly at work to:

1. Be friendly at home.
2. Be friendly in social situations.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.

Question 12

A talkative person:

1. Will always talk more than a quiet person.
2. Can never be quiet.
3. Talk more than a quiet person in the theater, for example.
4. Talks more than a quiet person on average.

Question 13

Which of the following questions emphasizes research on personality traits?

1. How many fundamental properties are there?
2. How are traits organized within the person?
3. Where do properties come from?
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 14

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior.
2. Cause behavior.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.
4. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Open questions

Question 1

Define the concept of personality.

Question 2

Which three parts do consist psychological mechanisms consist of?

Question 3

Identify the three levels of personality analysis.

Question 4

Describe the nomothetic and idiographic research method.

Question 5

Which six research areas, from different angles, are aimed at gaining insight into the nature of man?

Question 6

Which three requirements are placed on personality theories?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C. Idiographic research.

2. B. You can rely on me.

3. A. Referring more to processes.

4. C. By the way properties are expressed.

5. C. Answer A and B are both correct.

6. A. The unconscious.

7. C. By fitting in the right environments.

8. A. Individual differences.

9. A. The dispositional domain.

10. C. Mainly determined by mental powers.

11. D. Answer A and B are both correct.

12. D. Talks more than a quiet person on average.

13. D. All the above answers are correct.

14. D. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Personality is a collection of an individual's psychological traits and mechanisms that exhibit coherence, generally persist, and affect the individual's interaction and his or her adaptation to intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

Question 2

Input (information from the environment), decision rules (way of thinking), and output (tendency to certain behavior).

Question 3

Each person is in certain respects: 1) equal to others (the level of human nature), 2) similar to others (the level of individual and group differences) and 3) unique (the level of individual uniqueness).

Question 4

Nomothetic research includes statistical comparisons of individuals or groups. It is used to distinguish universal human traits. Idiographic (descriptive) research concerns a single subject and observes the way in which general principles are applicable in a single case. This often concerns a psychological biography or a study of one person.

Question 5

The dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experimental, socio-cultural and adaptation domain.

Question 6

First, the theory should guide researchers, leading to new findings. Second, the theory must explain known findings. Finally, the theory must make specific predictions that can be tested empirically.

What are a good personality research, measurement and research design made of? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is an example of an unstructured questionnaire?

1. True or false questions.
2. Open questions.
3. Forced choice questions.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 2

What do we know if dominance positively correlates with ego strength?

1. Dominance causes ego strength.
2. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength.
3. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is:

1. The randomly assigned variable.
2. The independent variable.
3. The dependent variable.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Someone who tends to agree with all the questions in a questionnaire will likely show the response set:

1. Giving extreme answers (extreme responding).
2. Faking.
3. Acquiescence (agree with everything).
4. Social desirability.

Question 5

What someone tells you about their friend is considered to be:

1. S-data.
2. L-data.
3. O-data.
4. T-data.

Question 6

Which of the following concepts is not important for assessing a personality measurement?

1. Validity.
2. Manipulation.
3. Generalizability.
4. Reliability.

Question 7

What do psychological researchers mainly derive their psychological statements from?

1. The style of the behavior.
2. The content of the behavior.
3. From someone's reputation.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 8

If someone's personality has been assessed four times, and each time that person gets the same score, we know that that rating:

1. Is reliable.
2. Is valid.
3. Is statistically significant.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 9

If people who score high on 'extraversion' also score high on measurements of 'being happy', then 'extraversion' and 'being happy' are:

1. Uncorrelated.
2. Positively correlated.
3. Negatively correlated.
4. Perhaps correlated, but there is not enough information to say anything about it.

Question 10

When different measurements of the same construct correlate high with a given test, that test has high:

1. Convergent validity.
2. Discriminant validity.
3. Face validity.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 11

Which statement is correct? The internal consistency of a test says something about the ... of a test.

1. Validity.
2. Heritability.
3. Standardization.
4. Reliability.

Open questions

Question 1

Name the four main forms of data collection.

Question 2

Name a disadvantage of S-data, O-data and T-data.

Question 3

What does fMRI mean and what is its purpose?

Question 4

When can a test be called reliable?

Question 5

When can a test be considered valid?

Question 6

What three types of research designs are there and what are they best suited for?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. Open questions.

2. C. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength.

3. B. The independent variable.

4. C. Acquiescence (agree with everything).

5. C. O-data.

6. B. Manipulation.

7. A. The style of the behavior.

8. A. is reliable.

9. B. Positively correlated.

10. A. Convergent validity.

11. D. Reliability.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Self-report data (S-data), observer-report data (O-data), test data (T-data) and life-outcome data (L-data).

Question 2

• S-data: Participants can lie or fake.
• O-data: Observers may not have access to relevant information.
• T-data: Lab tests may not be suitable for discovering patterns in everyday life.

Question 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; discovering the place and patterns of brain activity when participants perform certain tasks.

Question 4

When the same scores are obtained with repeated measurements.

Question 5

When the test measures what it should measure.

Question 6

The first is experimental research. This method is best suited for determining causality between two variables. The second type is correlational research. This method is best suited for investigating relationships between variables in natural settlements. The third method is the case study. This is suitable for formulating hypotheses and gaining insight into individual cases.

What are traits and taxonomies? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions

Question 1

What are the two most used personality dimensions in the history of personality psychology?

1. Conscientiousness and neuroticism.
2. Neuroticism and extraversion.
3. Agreeableness and conscientiousness.
4. Extraversion and agreeableness.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives exemplifies the view that properties are descriptive summaries?

1. The theory of sociosexual orientation.
2. Theoretical scale construction (1-2-3-4-5).
3. Eysenck's hierarchical personality model.
4. The Act Frequency Approach.

Question 3

A researcher who defines properties before examining them follows:

1. The statistical approach.
2. The theoretical approach.
3. The lexical approach.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Features in a circumplex that are each other's opposites:

1. Do not correlate.
2. Correlate positively.
3. Correlate negatively.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The idea that all major differences have been precipitated in the natural language is known as:

1. The individual differences hypothesis.
2. The lexical hypothesis.
3. Factor analysis.
4. Property taxonomy.

Question 6

In Wiggins' circumplex, dominance and warmth-friendliness (agreeableness) convey the relationship of:

1. 'Adjacency' to.
2. Bipolarity.
3. Orthogonality.
4. Factor loads.

Question 7

Someone who is anti-social and shows lack of empathy probably scores high on the trait:

1. Extraversion.
2. Neuroticism.
3. Psychoticism.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 8

In which of the Big Five does the temperament emotionality fit?

1. Agreeableness.
2. Conscientiousness.
3. Neuroticism.
4. Openness.

Question 9

Which charactertrait of the Big Five is not universal in all the different cultures?

1. Agreeableness.
2. Openness.
3. Extraversion.
4. Conscientiousness.

Open questions

Question 1

Which two approaches exist to conceptualize traits?

Question 2

What three approaches exist to distinguish the most important features of traits?

Question 3

Describe Eysenck's hierarchical personality model.

Question 4

Describe Cattell's 16 personality factors system.

Question 5

What are circumplex models of personality?

Question 6

Which five factors of personality are distinguished in the Big Five?

Question 7

Which sixth factor is distinguished in the HEXACO model?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. Neuroticism and extraversion.

2. D. The Act Frequency Method.

3. B. The theoretical approach.

4. C. Correlate negatively.

5. B. The lexical hypothesis.

6. C. Orthogonality.

7. C. Psychoticism.

8. C. Neuroticism.

9. B. Openness.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The first approach states that traits are inner traits that cause behavior. So, pulling causes external behavior. The second approach states that traits are descriptive summaries of external behavior. This approach does not assume that pulling causes behavior.

Question 2

The lexical approach sees all important features as caught in the language. This approach uses synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality as criteria to distinguish important features. The statistical approach uses statistical procedures such as factor analysis to distinguish clusters from related traits. The theoretical approach uses existing personality theories to determine which traits are important.

Question 3

Eysenck developed a hierarchical model in which the features of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are distinguished. These general traits include more specific traits such as activity level, mood and egocentricity. The taxonomy is based on factor analysis but has biological roots, such as a hereditary and physiological basis of the traits.

Question 4

Cattell's 16 personality factors system consists of 16 personality traits, based on factor analysis. This taxonomy arose from the use of multiple types of data sources.

Question 5

Circumplex taxonomies focus on the domain of interpersonal traits. They are circular arrangements of traits around two dimensions: status (dominance) and love (kindness).

Question 6

Extraversion, kindness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and open-mindedness.

Question 7

In addition to the five factors of the Big Five, the HEXACO model distinguishes the factor honesty-humility. This factor includes sincerity, honesty, avoidance of greed and modesty.

What measurement problems are there when measuring traits? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions

Question 1

How is the idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations in which people find themselves known?

1. Situational selection.
2. Aggregation.
3. Manipulation.
4. Evocation.

Question 2

What, according to Mischel (1968), was the most important thing in determining behavior?

1. Intellectual capabilities.
2. Situations.
3. Attitudes.
4. Properties.

Question 3

The idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations people find themselves in is known as:

1. Aggregation.
2. Situational selection.
3. Evocation.
4. Manipulation.

Question 4

The point of view of the person-situation interaction implies that when we observe a certain behavior:

1. Both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available.
2. This observation is possible because situations cause personality traits.
3. The behavior will remain consistent across situations.
4. We can attribute that behavior almost entirely to personality.

Open questions

Question 1

What three assumptions do personality psychologists make with regard to personality?

Question 2

Why is personality psychology also called differential psychology?

Question 3

What is meant by situationism (Mischel)?

Question 4

Describe the phenomenon of person-situation interaction.

Question 5

Describe what situational selection entails.

Question 6

What is meant by faking by participants?

Question 7

What are Barnum statements?

Question 8

What is the problem with Jung's theory of the psychological types on which the MBTI is based?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A. Situational selection.

2. B. Situations.

3. B. Situational selection.

4. A. Both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

There are meaningful individual differences in personality. The personality is stable over time. The personality is consistent in different situations.

Question 2

Personality psychology deals with differences between people. Differential psychology studies not only individual differences in personality, but also ability, fitness and intelligence.

Question 3

If behavior differs per situation, behavior is not determined by underlying traits, but by situational differences.

Question 4

Behavior is a function of the interaction between character traits and situational influences.

Question 5

A form of interactionism, the tendency to choose situations in which one can be oneself.

Question 6

The deliberate bias of answers to a questionnaire.

Question 7

Generalities, statements that could apply to everyone. For example, "You sometimes doubt whether you did the right thing" or "You want others to like you."

Question 8

People cannot be divided into types that are, for example, completely introverted or completely extroverted. Character traits are normally distributed. Very few personal characteristics follow a bimodal distribution.

How does personality change over time? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions

Question 1

Freud's theory of psychosexual stages exemplifies personality change at the level of analysis of:

1. Group differences.
2. The population.
3. Individual uniqueness.
4. Individual differences.

Question 2

Self-efficacy is defined as:

1. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results.
2. Making attributions that are unstable, temporary and global.
3. The expectation that there will be many positive events, and few negative ones.
4. Having a higher self-esteem than average.

Question 3

For which of the following terms does balance historically count as a central feature?

1. Character.
2. Temperament.
3. Personality.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

The trait 'competence' in women:

1. Decreases with age.
2. Increases with age.
3. Stays the same with aging.
4. Increases when they are married, but decreases when they are unmarried.

Question 5

When is personality least stable?

1. In early childhood.
2. In later youth.
3. In the adolescence period.
4. In the adult period.

Open questions

Question 1

Name three forms of personality stability.

Question 2

Which traits of the Big Five change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Question 3

What other properties change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Question 4

To which characteristics do changes apply, specifically in women?

Question 5

What did Twenge's (2001) study show about cohort effects related to change in assertiveness and dominance in women?

Question 6

What traits predict bad marriage and divorce?

Question 7

What is the effect of work experience on personality?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. The population.

2. A. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results.

3. B. Temperament.

4. B. Increase with age.

5. C. In the adolescence period.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Question 2

Neuroticism diminishes with time; kindness and conscientiousness increase with time.

Question 3

Self-esteem increases; impulsivity decreases; sensation seeking decreases after a peak in adolescence.

Question 4

In women, femininity appears to be declining around age 40-50. This is probably related to menopause. Autonomy, independence and competence, in particular, seem to increase with women as they age.

Question 5

Assertiveness was high after 1930, when women were extremely independent. Then, in the 1950s and 1960s, women became mainly housewives. From 1967 to 1993 assertiveness increased again due to changes in social roles and more women in the workplace.

Question 6

High levels of neuroticism in both sexes and impulsivity in men.

Question 7

People successful at work become happier, more confident and less anxious over time.

What is the link between genetics and personality? - ExamTests 6

MC-questions

Question 1

The heritability coefficient is expressed as the proportion:

1. Genotypic variance of the total variance.
2. Genotypic variance of the phenotypic variance.
3. Phenotypic variance of the total variance.
4. Phenotypic variance of the genotypic variance.

Question 2

Most studies attempting to relate specific genes to personality:

1. Find that specific genes only explain a very small part of the variance.
2. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variance.
3. Find that specific genes explain much of the variance.
4. Fail to find such a relationship.

Question 3

A trait is likely to be hereditary when:

1. Dizygotic twins are more similar to that trait than monozygotic twins.
2. Monozygous twins are more similar to that trait than dizygotic twins.
3. Ordinary twins are more alike on that trait than dizygotic twins.
4. Dizygotic twins are more similar to that trait than regular twins.

Question 4

The percentage of their genes that uncles and aunts have in common with cousins ​​is approximately:

1. 0%.
2. 12.5%.
3. 25%.
4. 50%.

Question 5

Which approach aims to identify specific genes related to personality traits?

1. Adoption Studies.
2. Molecular studies.
3. Twin studies.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 6

What percentage of his or her children does a parent have in common with each of his or her children?

1. 25%.
2. 50%.
3. 75%.
4. 100%.

Question 7

If the correlation between characteristics of adoptive parents and adopted children is high:

1. We can assume that there is genetic influence.
2. We can assume that there is environmental influence.
3. We can assume that there is a shared environment.
4. There is not enough information to say anything about this.

Open questions

Question 1

Which four traditional methods are used in gene research?

Question 2

Which traits have shown heritability?

Question 3

To what extent are personality traits hereditary and to what extent are they determined by the environment?

Question 4

What does the concept of heritability mean?

Question 5

What does 'the influence of environment' mean?

Question 6

Which three types of gene-environment correlations are distinguished?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A. Genotypic variance of the total variance.

2. B. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variance.

3. B. Monozygous twins are more similar to that trait than dizygotic twins.

4. C. 25%.

5. B. Molecular studies.

6. B. 50%.

7. B. We can assume that there is environmental influence.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Selective breeding, family studies, twin studies and adoption studies.

Question 2

Extraversion and neuroticism, as well as other dimensions of the Big Five, have been shown to be mediocre hereditary.

Question 3

Personality traits are 30-50 percent hereditary and 50-70 percent is determined by the environment.

Question 4

The degree of perceived individual differences caused by genetic differences in a given population or sample.

Question 5

The extent to which observed individual differences are caused by environmental differences.

Question 6

Passive, reactive and active.

What physiological theories have arisen regarding personality? - ExamTests 7

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is, according to Eysenck, related to low physiological arousal?

1. Introversion.
2. Extraversion.
3. The Behavioral Inhibition System.
4. The Behavioral Activation System

Question 2

A person who drinks coffee in the morning rather than in the evening is someone:

1. With greater activity in the left hemisphere.
2. With greater activity in the right hemisphere.
3. That scores high on 'morningness'.
4. That scores high on 'eveningness'.

Question 3

Biological differences that are likely to trigger personality differences:

1. Are called biological correlates.
2. Are called biological substrates.
3. Obey Yerkes-Dodson's law.
4. Are considered cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 4

Which of the following properties is most related to biological rhythms?

1. Extraversion.
2. Sensation-seeking.
3. Morningness-eveningness.
4. Impulsivity.

Question 5

Which of the following alternatives is not a component of 'sensation seeking'?

1. Search for excitement and adventure.
2. Disinhibition.
3. Sociability.
4. Boredom susceptibility.

Question 6

For what can an EEG be used?

1. Activity in the thalamus.
2. Different states of consciousness.
3. Figure-ground relations.
4. The absolute treshold.

Open questions

Question 1

What are the most used methods in personality research based on a biological approach?

Question 2

Which two ways of thinking about physiological variables are important in personality research and theory?

Question 3

Which six theories about the biological basis of personality are described in the chapter?

Question 4

How are physiological variables considered within these theories?

Question 5

What does the BAS system and the BIS system stand for?

Question 6

Which neurotransmitters play a role in the three-dimensional personality model and what role do they have in this?

Question 7

What is biologically underlying the affective style of an individual?

Question 8

What is an important advance of EEG in regards to fMRI?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. Extraversion.

2. D. That scores high on 'eveningness'.

3. B. Are called biological substrates.

4. C. Morningness-eveningness.

5. C. Sociability.

6. B. Different states of consciousness.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Electrodormal activity, cardiovascular reactivity and brain activity. A new research area is fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

Question 2

The first is to consider physiological measurements as variables associated with personality traits. A second way is to consider physiological events as contributing to providing a physiological substrate for personality traits.

Question 3

Extraversion, sensitivity to reward and punishment (based on the BIS and BAS system), sensation seeking, three-dimensional personality theory, morningness-eveningness, affective style.

Question 4

Physiological variables are considered to be more than constructs underlying character traits. They are considered as substrates of the biological roots of behavioral patterns associated with a trait.

Question 5

The BAS system is the Behavioral Activation System that responds to rewards. The BIS system is the Behavioral Inhibition System that responds to punishment and threats.

Question 6

Dopamine (novelty seeking), serotonin (harm avoidance) and norepinephrine (reward dependence).

Question 7

Asymmetry in the frontal brain activity. The left represents a tendency towards the positive and the right the negative.

Question 8

An important advance of EEG, is that it is mobile. You can register someone's brainactivity while the patient is still moving. In a fMRI the patient must lie really still to get a good image.

Which evolutionary perspectives are related to personality? - ExamTests 8

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is most important to a woman according to evolutionary theory?

1. An emotionally reliable partner.
2. A sexually reliable partner.
3. Parental security.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 2

What are the incidental effects of adaptations called?

1. Evolutionary by-products.
2. Random variations.
3. Functional adaptations.
4. Domain specific adaptations.

Question 3

How do men and women differ according to evolutionary theory?

1. Need for sexual variation.
2. Jealousy.
3. What is important in a potential partner.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Which of the following possibilities is no evolutionary function of emotions?

1. Emotions guide people towards activities that increase fitness.
2. Emotions can be used to exploit other people.
3. Emotions can contribute to 'life satisfaction'.
4. Emotions can be universally understood.

Question 5

Investigation into murder and manslaughter indicates that:

1. Men kill mostly women.
2. Men kill mostly men.
3. Women kill mostly men.
4. Especially women kill women.

Question 6

Women generally score higher than men on:

1. Impulsivity.
2. Aggressiveness.
3. Fear.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Open questions

Question 1

What three basic assumptions does evolutionary psychology make?

Question 2

In what two ways are evolutionary hypotheses tested?

Question 3

Evolutionary psychological analyzes can be applied to three levels of personality analysis. Which?

Question 4

What has been demonstrated so far in these areas?

Question 5

Describe the theory of natural selection (Darwin).

Question 6

According to Darwin, sexual selection takes two forms. Which?

Question 7

Describe the process of differential gene reproduction.

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A. An emotionally reliable partner.

2. A. Evolutionary by-products.

3. A. Need for sexual variation.

4. C. Emotions can contribute to 'life satisfaction'.

5. B. Men kill mostly men.

6. C. Fear.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

First, it is assumed that customizations are domain specific. They are designed to solve specific adaptive problems. Secondly, there are many types of adjustments, as there are also many adaptive problems. Third, adjustments are functional. They aim to solve adaptive problems.

Question 2

First, with theories from which specific predictions are derived, the top-down approach. Secondly, by developing a theory based on observations, the bottom-up approach.

Question 3

The level of human nature, gender differences and individual differences.

Question 4

At the level of human nature, evidence has been found that people have a need to belong to a group. Furthermore, they tend to help others who have the same genes. After all, people have basic emotions like joy, aversion, anger, fear, sadness, and contempt.

At the gender differences level, men and women appear to differ in areas such as the desire to have different sex partners, jealousy and basis of partner preference. Physical attractiveness is more important in men and financial in women.

Different approaches are possible at the level of individual differences. Individual differences could arise from different environments, but also from the characteristics of the individual. When someone is big and strong, they are more inclined to aggressive behavior than a small person.

Question 5

Darwin assumed that there is a process of creating adjustments and making changes. Changes that allow the organism to survive and reproduce lead to more offspring. Unsuccessful species decrease in number and eventually die out.

Question 6

• Intrasexual competition: members of the same sex compete with each other to access members of the opposite sex.
• Intersex competition: members of one sex choose a partner based on their preference for certain characteristics of that partner. These traits survive because animals they own are more often chosen as partners; their genes are passed on.

Question 7

The genes of organisms that reproduce more than others are more often passed on to future generations than the genes of those that reproduce less.

What is the psychoanalytic approach of personality? - ExamTests 9

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives indicates that you are stuck at a certain stage of development?

1. Symbolism.
2. Fixation.
3. Displacement.
4. Identification.

Question 2

Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with?

1. Most behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts.
2. Sexuality is more important to children than relationships.
3. The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.
4. Childhood is not important for development.

Question 3

What do excuses or acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior exemplify?

1. Rationalization.
2. Reaction formation.
3. Displacement.
4. Projection.

Question 4

Which of the following alternatives is primarily an answer to hostile natural forces?

1. 'Survival' selection.
2. Intersex selection.
3. Intrasexual selection.
4. Social anxiety.

Question 5

Freud's ideas about instincts are probably most influenced by:

1. Galileo.
2. Jung.
3. Darwin.
4. The invention of the automobile.

Question 6

Which of the following alternatives indicates the attempt by a psychoanalytic therapist to describe a patient's unconscious conflicts?

1. Interpretation.
2. 'Transference'.
3. Projection.
4. Insight.

Question 7

Freud thought that when his female patients reported that they had been sexually seduced as a child, those patients probably:

1. Spoke the truth.
2. Suppressed the truth.
3. Committed to sublimation.
4. Had unconscious desires fulfilled by fantasies.

Question 8

What happens to the amount of energy in a person, according to Freud?

1. Changes when the person changes.
2. Increases with age.
3. Decreases with age.
4. Always remains constant.

Question 9

In psychoanalysis, it is true that 'transference':

1. Is counterproductive.
2. Tells something about someone's unconscious.
3. Is unethical.
4. Reduces psychic energy.

Question 10

Which part of the psyche, according to Freud, relies most on the identification of the child with the parents?

1. Id.
2. Ego.
3. Superego.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 11

Which of the following terms refers to the instinct for pleasure, especially sexual pleasure?

1. Unconscious.
2. Libido.
3. Thanatos.
4. Superego.

Question 12

Defense mechanisms:

1. Operate unconsciously.
2. Require psychic energy.
3. Are the result of the functioning of the Ego.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 13

Which psychosexual stage is most associated with control?

1. Oral stage.
2. Anal stage.
3. Phallic stage.
4. Genital stage.

Question 14

Freud thought the human psyche operated as a:

1. Plow.
2. Hydraulic system.
3. Telescope.
4. Scientist.

Question 15

A conflict between the Ego and the Superego is experienced as:

1. Objective fear.
2. Neurotic anxiety.
3. Moral fear.
4. Psychological anxiety.

Question 16

Apologies or acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior are an example of:

1. Reaction formation.
2. 'Displacement'.
3. Rationalization.
4. Projection.

Question 17

How did Freud come up with the psychodynamic theory?

1. Long conversations with patients.
2. Experiments, in which the participants were exposed to violent images.
3. Conditioning experiments with mouses and rats.
4. Observation of sexual behavior in the innate residents of the Amazon area.

Question 18

Which statement is true?

I. When a child doesn't have any success during the anal stage, the consequence is that the child will become agressive and sadistic.

II. When something goes wrong during the latency stage with the development of the child, the consequence will be that the child will have difficulties with having relations and being childish.

1. I and II are both true.
2. I and II are both false.
3. I is true, II is false.
4. I is false, II is true.

Open questions

Question 1

What three parts does the psyche have, according to Freud?

Question 2

What is the therapy Freud developed called?

Question 3

What psychosexual stages does Freud distinguish in childhood?

Question 4

What basic urges are, according to Freud, underlying psychic energy?

Question 5

According to which mechanisms do the Id, the Ego and the Superego work?

Question 6

What types of anxiety does Freud distinguish?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. Fixation.

2. C. The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.

3. A. Rationalization.

4. A. 'Survival' selection.

5. C. Darwin.

6. A. Interpretation.

7. D. Had unconscious desires fulfilled by fantasies.

8. D. Always remains constant.

9. B. Tells something about someone's unconscious.

10. C. Superego.

11. B. Libido.

12. D. All the above answers are correct.

13. B. Anal stage.

14. B. Hydraulic system.

15. C. Moral fear.

16. C. Rationalization.

17. A. Long conversations with patients.

18. B. I and II are both false.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The Id, the Ego and the Superego.

Question 2

Psychoanalysis.

Question 3

Oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase and latency phase.

Question 4

Sex and aggression. The instinct of life (libido) and the instinct of death (thanatos).

Question 5

The Id works with primary process thinking, thinking without logic. Dreams and fantasy are examples of this. Fulfilling wishes is central.

The Ego works according to the reality principle. The Ego understands that the Id's wishes sometimes conflict with reality. It works according to the secondary process thinking, developing strategies for solving problems.

The Superego is the part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society.

Question 6

Objective anxiety is fear. This anxiety is a response to threats from the environment. Neurotic anxiety occurs in a conflict between the Id and the Ego. There is a danger of the Ego losing control of an unacceptable desire of the Id. Moral anxiety is caused by a conflict between the Ego and the Superego. The person wants to meet a certain standard.

What is the link between motives and personality? - ExamTests 10

MC-questions

Question 1

What did Freud and Erikson agree most about?

1. That people can get fixated.
2. That people go through development stages.
3. That every stage has a development crisis.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 2

Adults with what relationship style shy away from romance and believe that love has a limited shelf life?

1. The ambivalent style.
2. The sure style.
3. The avoidant style.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

What is the memory model that suggests that information is stored by associations with other elements of memory?

1. Cognitive unconscious.
2. 'Confirmatory bias'.
3. Spreading activation.
4. Internalized objects.

Question 4

Research on subliminal perception suggests:

1. That it usually affects people's motivation.
2. That information can enter the memory unconsciously.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.

Question 5

According to Horney, most of the differences between boys and girls can be attributed to:

1. Genes.
2. Hormones.
3. Differences between the successful completion of the phallic stage.
4. Cultural differences.

Question 6

What is the memory model that suggests that information is stored by associations with other elements of memory?

1. Cognitive unconscious.
2. Confirmatory bias.
3. Spreading activation.
4. Internalized objects.

Question 7

Erikson's fifth stage is identity versus:

1. Inferiority.
2. Stagnation.
3. Role confusion.
4. Insulation.

Question 8

Which relationship style is characterized by the fewest problems?

1. The sure style.
2. The avoidant style.
3. The ambivalent style.
4. The separated style.

Question 9

Motivational psychologists ask:

1. What people like.
2. How people actually work.
3. Why people love sex so much.
4. What moves people to do what they do.

Question 10

Beta-press concerns:

1. Strength of a motive.
2. Strength of a need.
3. Objective features of the environment.
4. Subjective view of the environment.

Question 11

What did Rogers try in client-centered therapy?

1. Get a person back on the road to self-actualization.
2. Solve a person's problems.
3. Interpret a person's problems.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following terms indicates what is important to people?

1. Properties.
2. Emotions.
3. Self-esteem needs.
4. Observations.

Question 13

According to Murray, people would intentionally increase tension:

1. When they suffer from mental illness.
2. Because they want attention from others.
3. Because they like voltage reduction.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 14

Which term best describes understanding a person from his or her point of view?

1. Positive regard.
2. Genuine acceptance.
3. Empathy.
4. Reflection.

Question 15

People who score high on performance motivation need prefer tasks with which level of difficulty?

1. Low.
2. High.
3. Moderate (in between).
4. It depends on the task.

Open questions

Question 1

What method is used to distinguish real from false memories?

Question 2

In what ways does Erikson's theory differ from Freud's theory?

Question 3

What is meant by the term 'object relations'?

Question 4

List three differences between modern psychoanalysts and Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 5

What is a motive and what is it based on?

Question 6

What, according to Murray, provides for satisfaction of needs?

Question 7

What are the Three Big motifs and what do they mean?

Question 8

Describe Maslow's pyramid.

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D. All the above answers are correct.

2. C. The avoidant style.

3. C. Spreading activation (brain activation; recognition).

4. C. Answer A and B are both correct.

5. D. Cultural differences.

6. C. Spreading activation.

7. C. Role confusion.

8. C. The ambivalent style.

9. D. What moves people to do what they do.

10. D. Subjective view of the environment.

11. A. Get a person back on the road to self-actualisation.

12. C. Self-esteem needs.

13. C. Because they like voltage reduction.

14. C. Empathy.

15. A. Low.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Confirmation, or hearing a witness who can confirm the recalled event.

Question 2

Erikson emphasizes social tasks and extended the development span across life.

Question 3

Object relations theory has been one of the most important theoretical developments in psychoanalysis since Freud's death. The term 'object relations' means the behavioral patterns in relation to others, as well as the emotional, cognitive and motivational processes underlying these behavioral patterns.

Question 4

1. Instead of focusing on unconscious conflicts of the Id, psychoanalysts now focus on interpersonal patterns of behavior and the emotions and motives that accompany them.
2. Psychoanalysts now see personality as the result of solving a number of social crises and increasingly mature relationships with others, rather than a result of sexual conflict with parents, as Freud thought.
3. Freud's theory was based only on his vision. Current psychoanalysis is based on multi-person observations and linked to empirical research.

Question 5

Motives are internal states that create excitement and direct behavior toward a particular goal. Motives are based on needs.

Question 6

The stress reduction process ensures the satisfaction of needs and not the state of relaxation.

Question 7

First you have the need for achievement, this is the desire to perform well, to be successful and to have a sense of competence. This includes cultural differences and gender differences. Second, you have a need for power. This is the desire to have an impact on others. Finally, you have a need for intimacy. This is the desire to build warm and satisfying relationships with others. This is not equivalent to extroversion.

Question 8

First, there are physiological needs such as air, water, sex, et cetera. Second, there are safety needs such as having an orderly life and protection. Third, there is the need for social contact. This is the need to belong to a group and to be respected. Fourth, there is a need for appreciation and recognition. Finally, there is the need for self-actualization; the need to be the person you want to be.

What is the cognitive approach of personality? - ExamTests 11

MC-questions

Question 1

Someone who relates events to past experiences is involved in:

1. Personalizing cognition.
2. Objectifying cognition.
3. Causal attribution.
4. Defensive pessimism.

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three levels of cognition that personality psychologists are interested in and what do they involve?

Question 2

What is a postmodernist and who can be labelled as such?

Question 3

What is learned helplessness?

Question 4

Explain what self-efficacy means.

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A : Personalizing cognition.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

There are three levels the first is perception. Perception is the ordering of information that we have received through our emotional organs. The second level is conscious goals: people develop certain beliefs about what is important in life and what goals are appropriate to pursue. The third and last level is the interpretation: explaining world events by means of own interpretations.

Question 2

Kelly was a postmodernist. This means that he believed that every person and every culture has a version of reality that is unique.

Question 3

Learned helplessness occurs when a person experiences an inevitable, aversive situation. These feelings create a circular response, which is influenced by the attribution style that someone has.

Question 4

Self-efficacy is the confidence to be able to perform a certain action in order to achieve a goal.

What is the role of intelligence in personality? - ExamTests 12

MC-questions

Question 1

What does the IQ accurately represent?

1. How well someone has performed on a given intelligence test.
2. How intelligent someone is.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.
4. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Question 2

Which of the following methods is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that co-exist?

1. Orthogonality.
2. Factor analysis.
3. The Act Frequency Approach.
4. The rational scale construction.

Question 3

IQ tests are usually interpreted as measurements of:

1. Achievement intelligence.
2. Aptitude intelligence.
3. Emotional intelligence.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Research shows that fluid intelligence strongly asssociates with:

1. Working memory.
2. Extraversion.
3. The Superego.
4. Meta components.

Open questions

Question 1

Explain the implicit and explicit theory of intelligence.

Question 2

How is the IQ calculated?

Question 3

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A. How someone has performed on a given intelligence test.

2. B. Factor analysis.

3. B. Aptitude intelligence.

4. A. Working memory.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Implicit theories assess intelligence based on a person's behavior and appearance. Explicit theories assess intelligence based on conclusions from studies of intelligence differences between individuals.

Question 2

The IQ can be calculated by dividing the mental age by the chronic age and then multiplying the number by 100.

Question 3

Emotional intelligence is the ability to reason accurately about emotions and use these emotions to strengthen one's own mindset.

What is the relationship between emotion and personality? - ExamTests 13

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following qualities is correlated with hostility?

1. Agreeableness.
2. Neuroticism.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.

Question 2

Emotional content and emotional style:

1. Correlate at high levels.
2. Correlate at moderate levels.
3. Correlate at low levels.
4. Do not correlate at all.

Open questions

Question 1

What is the difference between an emotional state and an emotional trait?

Question 2

What is emotional content and what is emotional style?

Question 3

Name and explain the two models for the relationship between personality and feeling good/happy.

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C. Answer A and B are both correct.

2. A. Correlate at high levels.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Emotional state is temporary and has more to do with the context of a situation. An emotional trait is a pattern of emotional responses that is consistent across situations.

Question 2

Emotional content is an emotional experience of an individual, which can be divided into pleasant and unpleasant emotions. The emotional style describes how someone experiences emotions and how he or she deals with them.

Question 3

In the direct model, personality is seen as the cause of emotional reactions. In the indirect model, personality creates a certain lifestyle, which subsequently triggers emotional reactions.

How does the self-concept arise? - ExamTests 14

MC-questions

Question 1

When someone intentionally does something that increases the chances of failure, they are involved in:

1. Promotion focus.
2. Preventive focus.
3. Defensive pessimism.
4. Self-handicapping.

Question 2

People who like social contact but are restrained by uncertainty are best described as:

1. People who miss a self-schedule.
2. People with low self-esteem.
3. People with an identity crisis.
4. People who are shy.

Question 3

How is the idea that identity remains relatively stable?

1. Identity contrast.
2. Identity shortage (deficit).
3. Identity conflict.
4. Continuity of identity.

Open questions

Question 1

Explain the difference between self-concept and social identity.

Question 2

What is the difference between the ideal self and the expected self?

Question 3

Can shy people be called introverted and why?

Question 4

What are the two important aspects of identity?

Question 5

What is the difference between identity issues and identity conflicts?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D. Self-handicapping.

2. D. People who are shy.

3. D. Continuity of identity.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The self-concept is the basis through which someone can understand himself. A social identity is what someone shows of himself to others.

Question 2

The ideal self is the one who wants to be the person. The expected self is how the person thinks the environment thinks he or she should be.

Question 3

Shy people interpret social interaction negatively and expect others to dislike them. Nevertheless, they like friendship and social interactions, so they are not naturally introverted. Shy people are more reserved because of their fears and insecurities.

Question 4

The two important aspects of identity are continuity and contrast. Continuity means that people are usually the same person tomorrow as they are today. Contrast means that everyone has a different social identity, which makes everyone unique.

Question 5

Identity problems do not create a 'correct' identity, which can cause a person to have problems with important choices. In an identity conflict, two or more aspects of the identity conflict.

What is the link between personality and social interaction? - ExamTests 15

MC-questions

Question 1

Which manipulation tactics do people who score low on intellect-openness (to experience) tend to use the most?

1. Reasoning
2. Social comparison
3. Regression
4. Silent treatment

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives is most important to most people when choosing a partner?

1. Looking good
2. Health
3. Political ideology
4. Personality

Question 3

Another term for ' self-fulfilling prophecies' is

1. 'Expectancy confirmation'
2. 'Assertive mating'
3. 'Violation of desire'
4. Manipulation

Question 4

When a person's behavior unintentionally provokes a certain reaction in another, we speak of:

1. Manipulation
2. Selection
3. Evocation
4. All the above answers are correct

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three ways in which personality increases social interaction?

Question 2

What is situation selection related to and what is it?

Question 3

What is assortative mating?

Question 4

What characterizes narcissism?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B : Social comparison

2. D : Personality

3. A : Expectancy confirmation

4. C : Evocation

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The three ways are: evocation (personality traits evoke reactions in others and vice versa), selection (one seeks social situations and certain people themselves), and manipulation (one wants to influence others in a positive and negative sense).

Question 2

Situation selection means that people avoid or seek out certain situations. This can depend on personality dispositions, but also on someone's self-image.

Question 3

Assortative mating is: the selection of relationship partners who resemble themselves in terms of personality.

Question 4

Narcissism is characterized by: exhibitionism, a sense of grandiose, self-centeredness and exploiting other people.

What is the link between sex, gender and personality? - ExamTests 16

MC-questions

Question 1

Sex differences in depression:

1. Are found throughout life.
2. Are found only in childhood.
3. Are most commonly found in adolescence and adulthood.
4. Are most commonly found in old age.

Question 2

Men tend to have higher scores than women on:

1. Aggressiveness.
2. Warmth.
3. Neuroticism.
4. Conscientiousness.

Question 3

What is the social learning theory a variant of?

1. The hormonal theory.
2. The socialization theory.
3. The social role theory.
4. The evolutionary theory.

Question 4

People who are performance-oriented and short on time:

1. Do not have a Type A personality.
2. Have a greater chance of heart problems.
3. Have a smaller chance of heart problems.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

Contrary to factual differences, views on the ways in which men and women differ is:

1. Called 'sex differences'.
2. Called 'gender differences'.
3. Described as adaptive problems.
4. Called 'gender stereotypes'.

Open questions

Question 1

What are gender differences and what are gender stereotypes?

Question 2

What does effect size mean and what is a small, medium or large effect?

Question 3

Why is low self-esteem a predictor of depression and antisocial behavior?

Question 4

What causes women to suffer from depression earlier than men?

Question 5

Which three components consist of sex stereotypes?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C. Are most commonly found in adolescence in adulthood.

2. A. Aggressiveness.

3. B. The socialization theory.

4. D. None of the above answers are correct.

5. D. Called 'gender stereotypes'.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Gender differences are the differences between men and women in behavior, personality and certain characteristics. Gender stereotypes are what is believed to be the differences between man and woman.

Question 2

Effect size is the difference between two averages, expressed in standard deviations. An effect size of 0.20 is small, one of 0.50 is medium, and one of 0.80 is large.

Question 3

Low self-esteem is a predictor of depression and antisocial behavior because these people are less able to deal with stress.

Question 4

Women experience earlier depression because they have a weaker position on the labor market, because they have less control over important things in life, and because they have a lower status in relationships.

Question 5

Sex stereotypes consist of a cognitive aspect, an affective component and a behavioral component.

Are there major personality differences within different cultures? - ExamTests 17

MC-questions

Question 1

Cultural differences are most evident:

1. In the expression of emotions.
2. In the recognition of emotional expressions.
3. In the dimensional structure of personality traits.
4. In the self-concepts.

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three points with which psychologists explain personality differences between cultures?

Question 2

What does the term acculturation mean?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D. In the self-concepts.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

First, there is the evoked culture. These are qualities that every person possesses, but which are only evident in some cultures. Second, there is transfer of culture. These are the representations spread by interaction. Finally, there are cultural universals. These are traits that occur in all cultures.

Question 2

Acculturation is the process of adapting to life in a new culture.

How do stress, coping, adaptation and health affect personality? - ExamTests 18

MC-questions

Question 1

What is an example of a 'daily hassle'?

1. A move.
2. The household.
3. Pregnancy.
4. A new job.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives is not a model of the relationships between health and behavior?

1. The circumplex model.
2. The interaction model.
3. The transactional model.
4. The predispositional model.

Open questions

Question 1

What is stress and what are the different types of stress?

Question 2

Explain the phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

Question 3

Explain the three coping strategies that deal with positive emotions.

Question 4

What are the two cognitive events that must take place to create stress, according to Lazarus?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B. The household.

2. A. The circumplex model.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Stress is a subjective feeling that is the result of uncontrollable and threatening events (stressors). These are often extreme situations with unpleasant consequences that cannot be influenced. Stress can be divided into four types: acute stress, traumatic stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress.

Question 2

When a person is exposed to stress, a certain pattern of emotional and physiological responses follows. First there is the alarm phase, which consists of the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. If the stress persists, the resistance phase follows. Resistance to a stressor is offered, but it costs a lot of energy. If the stress still persists, one enters the exhaustion phase. In this phase, people often get sick because their physiological resources are exhausted.

Question 3

First you have the coping strategy called positive reappraisal. This is a cognitive process in which someone focuses on good things that happen or have happened. The second strategy is problem-focused coping in which thoughts and behavior are used to manage underlying causes of stress. Finally, there is the strategy of creating positive events, which creates a positive time-out from the stress.

Question 4

These two cognitive events are called primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. Primary appraisal arises because an event puts pressure on a person's personal goals. This should be followed by secondary appraisal where the person realizes that he or she does not have the resources to deal with the event.

What are personality disorders? - ExamTests 19

MC-questions

Question 1

Fill in: A woman who uses excessive makeup has a good chance of a ... personality disorder.

1. Histrionic.
2. Antisocial.
3. Borderline.
4. Dependent.

Question 2

Which of the characteristics below is typical for someone with a histrionic personality disorder?

1. Sense of superiority.
2. Pathological jealousy.
3. Attracting attention.
4. Use of physical violence.

Question 3

Which personality disorders are classified in the same cluster?

1. Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
2. Dependent personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.
3. Dependent personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder.
4. Dependent personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Open questions

Question 1

What is a psychological disorder?

Question 2

What is a personality disorder?

Question 3

What is the dimensional model of personality?

Question 4

What are the causes for developing a personality disorder?

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A. Histrionic.

2. C. Attracting attention.

3. A. Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

A psychological disorder consists of a pattern of behavior or experience that causes stress or pain in a person and that can lead to inability or damage in different areas of life.

Question 2

A personality disorder is a long-lasting pattern of experiences and behavior that is very different from the expectations of the person's culture. These deviating patterns arise from experiences, thoughts and interactions with the world.

Question 3

In the dimensional model of personality, the differences between people with normal personality traits and people with disorders are distinguished in terms of the degree of the disorder, the rigidity of the disorder, and the degree of adjustment.

Question 4

Both biological and environmental factors influence the development of a personality disorder. Heritability plays a greater role in antisocial and schizotypal disorders, while environmental factors play a greater role in borderline.

What can we say about the future? - ExamTests 20

Open questions

Question 1

Briefly explain the six domains of personality psychology.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

1. First there is the biological domain (physiology, genetics and evolution). In this domain, a lot of research is being done into the influence of physical and biological functioning on the personality.
2. Secondly, there is the intrapsychical domain (psychoanalysis, motivation and dynamics). This domain is about the influence of factors in our consciousness on behavior, thoughts and emotions.
3. The third domain is the dispositional domain (properties, taxonomy and stability). This domain examines which aspects of personality are stable and what makes people so different from each other.
4. The fourth domain is the cognitive experiental domain (cognition, intelligence, emotion and self). This domain represents subjective experiences and other mental processes.
5. The fifth domain is the socio-cultural domain (relationship, sex and culture). Here the social and cultural aspects of personality are central.
6. Finally, there is the adaptation domain (stress, coping and disorders). This domain is about the role of personality and positive emotions with regard to health.