Questions

1. Why and how is child development studied?

1. Which statement is true?

1. It is not possible to suppose that children tell the truth in court.
2. Specifically, young children are susceptible for suggestive questioning, when questions are repeated again and again.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

2. Which statement is true? Children can experience negative effects when they... 

• A. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 month after birth. 
• B. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 3 months after birth.
• C. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 6 months after birth.
• D. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 year after birth.

3. Which general conclusion can be drawn about continuous/discontinuous development, despite some disagreement over the topic?

• A. Development is mainly a continuous process.
• B. Development is mainly a discontinuous process, as proved in the stage theories.
• C. It depends on how you look at it and how often you look.
• D. Development is sometimes a continuous and sometimes a discontinuous process.

2. What does prenatal development look like?

1. When does a fertilized egg be called 'fetus'? 

• A. Directly after conception.
• B. After three weeks.
• C. After nine weeks.
• D. After three months.

2. What is cell differentiation?

• A. The process that takes place 12 hours after fertilization.
• B. The process whereby cells specialize in structure and function.
• C. The process of movement of newly formed cells away from their original location.
• D. The process whereby redundant cells are destroyed. 

3. Which of the following is no consequence of being small for gestational age?

• A. Learning problems.
• B. Social problems.
• C. Increased risk of infections.
• D. Insufficient growth.

3. What is the relation between nature and nurture?

1. Which of the following is true?

1. Adoption studies examine whether siblings who grew up apart, are more different than siblings who were raised together.
2. Adoptive twin studies compare identical twins who grew up together versus identical twins who were raised apart.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

2. Which statement about heritability is true?

• A. Heritability gives information about certain populations. 
• B. Heritability gives information about individuals. 
• C. High heritability means that a certain trait is unchangeable.
• D. Heritability gives information about differences between certain groups. 

4. Which theories of cognitive development exist? 

1. Which concept of Piaget is defined by the following: The process by which people process incoming information according to concepts they already understand.

• A. Modification
• B. Equilibration
• C. Assimilation
• D. Accommodation

2. Which of the following is the right order of Piaget's stages?

• A. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
• B. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.
• C. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
• D. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.

3. Which of the following is true?

1. Core-knowledge theorist propose that children are born with general knowledge and that they expand this knowledge gradually. Piaget proposes that children are born with both general knowledge and specialized learning mechanisms to acquire additional information.
2. Core-knowledge theorist see the child as scientist, Piaget sees the child as a well-adapted product of evolution. 

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

5. What is the relation between seeing, thinking and doing?

1. Which concept is defined in the following? The processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain.

• A. Perception
• B. Observation
• C. Sensation
• D. Information processing

2. Fill in: Infants have high/poor contrast sensitivity, because the cones/rods in their retinas are immature.

• A. High, cones
• B. High, rods
• C. Poor, cones
• D. Poor, rods

3. Which of the following is no reflex of a newborn?

• A. Grasping
• B. Sucking
• C. Swallowing
• D. Splashing

6. How does language develop?

1. Which concept is defined by the following? The smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more units.

• A. Semantics
• B. Phonemes
• C. Morphemes
• D. Syntax

2. What is the second step in learning language?

• A. The preparation for the production of speech by means of repetitive consonant-vowel sequences.
• B. The perception of speech, by means of rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, etc. 
• C. The first words.
• D. Categorical perception.

7. How does conceptual development unfold? 

1. Which of the following does not belong to the three categories that children use to distinguish by categoral hierarchy? 

• A. Not-living things
• B. Animals
• C. Humans
• D. Living things

2. Which of the following is true?

1. An important component of false belief problems is the understanding of the relation between desires and actions.
2. Theory of mind is the understanding of how the mind works and how this influences behavior.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

3. Which of the following concepts is not developed by children to understand the world?

• A. Space
• B. Causality
• C. Numbers
• D. Pace

8. Which aspects of intelligence exist and how does intelligence develop? 

1. Which of the following is true?

1. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems.
2. Fluid intelligence is the factual knowledge about the world.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

2. Which intelligence test is used for children of 6 years and older?

• A. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test.
• B. Revisie Amsterdamse Kinder-Intelligentie-Test (Rakit).
• C. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
• D. Raven's Progressive Matrices.

3. Which of the following is true about IQ?

1. IQ scores are strong predictors of academic, economic and occupational achievements. 
2. Correlations between individual alleles of genes and IQ are very small, genetic influences on intelligence reflect small contributions from each of a very large number of genes and interactions among them.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

9. Which theories of social development exist?

1. What is the right order of Freud's developmental stages?

• A. Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, genital stage. 
• B. Anal stage, oral stage, phallic stage, latency period, genital stage. 
• C. Oral stage, anal stage, latency period, phallic stage, genital stage. 
• D. Oral stage, anal stage, genital stage, latency period, phallic stage.

2. During which developmental stage does the Oedipus complex occur?

• A. Anal stage
• B. Phallic stage
• C. Latency period
• D. Genital stage

3. Who is the founder of behaviorism?

• A. Albert
• B. Erikson
• C. Skinner
• D. Watson

10. How does emotion develop?

1. Which theory is based on the idea of Darwin that emotions are innate? 

• A. The functionalist perspective 
• B. The dynamic systems theory 
• C. The basis-affection system theory 
• D. The discrete emotions theory 

2. Which of the following is true?

1. Poor people experience as much depression as rich people. 
2. The percentage of depression decreases when children reach puberty. 

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

11. How do attachment and the self develop? 

1. What is the third step in the attachment process according to Bowlby? 

• A. Reciprocal relationships
• B. Clear-cut attachment 
• C. Pre attachment 
• D. Attachment-in-the-making

2. Which attachment pattern does not originally belong to the three attachment patterns of Ainsworth?

• A. Secure attachment
• B. Insecure ambivalent attachment
• C. Insecure disorganized attachment
• D. Insecure avoidant attachment

12. How does family influence development?

1. Which parenting style is described by the following? Parents are cold, nonresponsive and high in demandingness. They are oriented toward control and expect their children to comply without question or explanation.

• A. Authoritative parenting
• B. Authoritarian parenting
• C. Permissive parenting
• D. Uninvolved parenting

2. The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as ...

• A. Parenting style
• B. Socialization
• C. Behaviorism
• D. Discipline

13. How do peers influence each other?

1. From which of the following we cannot notice that two young children are friends?

• A. They defend each other.
• B. They can verbally tell who their friends are. 
• C. They will call for help when their friend is upset. 
• D. They prefer to play with their friends than with nonfriends. 

2. Which term is described by the following? Peer groups that children voluntarily form or join themselves, usually of the same sex and race. 

• A. A clique
• B. A crowd
• C. A gang
• D. A mob

3. Which of the following is not a sociometric status?

• A. Rejected children
• B. Average children
• C. Bullied children
• D. Neglected children

14. How does moral development unfold? 

1. According to Piaget, there are two stages of development in children's moral reasoning, with a transitional period between them. During which ages does this transitional period occur?

• A. From 2 – 4 years old
• B. From 4 – 7 years old
• C. From 7 – 10 years old
• D. From 10 – 12 years old

2. Which stage does not belong to Kohlberg's theory of moral judgement?

• A. Preconventional moral reasoning
• B. Conventional moral reasoning
• C. Postconventional moral reasoning
• D. Complete moral reasoning

15. How does gender develop?

1. Which term is described? The tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive. 

• A. Assertion
• B. Collaboration
• C. Affiliation
• D. Empathy

2. Which theory that focuses on biological differences regarding gender emphasizes the physical differences between men and women that can have both behavioral and social consequences?

• A. Evolutionary psychology theory
• B. Biosocial theory
• C. Neuroscience theory
• D. Social science theory

3. Which theory on gender development proposes that children enact gender-typed behaviors as soon as they can label other people's and their own gender?

• A. Cognitive developmental theory
• B. Social identity theory
• C. Social cognitive theory
• D. Gender schema theory

16. What can we conclude?

1. When do genetically influenced characteristics become evident?

• A. Directly after birth.
• B. When children are toddlers.
• C. During preschool.
• D. During middle childhood, adolescence or adulthood.

2. Fill in:

When children encounter an unfamiliar stimulus, they accommodate / assimilate it to more familiar stimuli. At the same time, their understanding accommodates / assimilates to the experience, so that when they next encounter the unfamiliar stimulus will feel less strange. 

• A. Accommodate, accommodates
• B. Assimilate, assimilates
• C. Accommodate, assimilates
• D. Assimilate, accommodates

3. Which of the following is true?

1. Children from poorer families are more often secure attached. 
2. Depression is more common among poor families.

• A. Only statement 1 is true.
• B. Only statement 2 is true.
• C. Both statements are true.
• D. Both statements are false.

Answers

1. Why and how is child development studied?

1. B. Research shows that younger children forget details more often, but what they say is mainly based on the truth. 
2. C. Research shows that children who have been in deprivation for less than 6 months after birth, will experience no negative effects later in life. However, if this period is longer than 6 months, they can experience negative effects later in life, despite they might be in a stable environment.
3. C. Stage theories seem to argue for a discontinuous development. Parents see their children grow up a bit every day, they see the continuity of the development of their child, whereas a friend of the family might see huge changes since he last saw the child. 

2. What does prenatal development look like?

1. C. The first two weeks, it is called zygote, from 3 to 8 weeks embryo. 
2. B. A is mitosis, C is cell migration and D is apoptosis.
3. D. Children that are small for gestational age are mostly left alone to decrease the risk of infection. This also prevents the emergence of social and learning problems. 

3. What is the relation between nature and nurture?

1. B. Adoption studies examine differences in traits between adopted and biological children and examine if the children resemble their biological relatives more than their adoptive ones. 
2. A. The other three answers are misconceptions about heritability.

4. Which theories of cognitive development exist? 

1. C. Accommodation is the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences. Equilibration is the process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding. Modification is the inclination to react to the environment in such a way to reach personal goals.
2. A. 
3. D. Both statements are exactly the opposite. Piaget proposes that children are born with general knowledge and that they expand this knowledge gradually. Core-knowledge theorists propose that children are born with both general knowledge and specialized learning mechanisms to rapidly acquire additional information. Piaget sees the child as scientist, core-knowledge theorists see the child as a well-adapted product of evolution. 

5. What is the relation between seeing, thinking and doing?

1. C. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
2. C. 
3. D. 

6. How does language develop?

1. C. Phonemes are the elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages. Syntax are the rules in a language that specify how words from different categories can be combined. 
2. A. This is also called babbling. B is the first step, C is the third step, D is the same step as B.

7. How does conceptual development unfold? 

1. B. Animals, these belong to the category 'living things'
2. B. False beliefs are situations in which another person believes something to be true that the child knows is false.
3. D.  

8. Which aspects of intelligence exist and how does intelligence develop? 

1. D. It is the other way around.
2. C. 
3. C. 

9. Which theories of social development exist?

1. A. 
2. B. 
3. D. Watson. Little Albert was his test subject. Erikson is the follower of Freud, Freud invented the psychoanalytic theory. Skinner invented the theory of operant conditioning. 

10. How does emotion develop?

1. D. 
2. D. 

11. How do attachment and the Self develop? 

1. B. The correct order is: pre attachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships. 
2. C. This attachment pattern was added, because a small percentage of children did not fit well into any of the three categories.

12. How does family influence development?

1. B. 
2. B.

13. How do peers influence each other?

1. B. Young children cannot verbally tell who their friends are.
2. A. Crowds are groups of people who have similar stereotyped reputations, like the jocks, freaks or geeks. A gang is a loosely organized group of adolescents or young adults who identify as a group and often engage in illegal activities. 
3. C. Other possible sociometric statuses are popular children and controversial children. 

14. How does moral development unfold? 

1. C. 
2. D. 

15. How does gender develop?

1. C. 
2. B. 
3. D. 

16. What can we conclude?

1. D. The interaction between nature and nurture is important here.
2. D. 
3. B. Children from poorer families often are insecurely attached.