What has changed in common disease patterns?In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we...
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Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Samenvatting bij Why Zebras dont get ulcers (oude druk)Deze samenvatting is gebaseerd op het studiejaar 2013-2014.
Gedurende de laatste decennia is er een hoop verandert in de hedendaagse ziektepatronen. Onder meer door vooruitgang in het ontwikkelen van medicijnen zien de patronen er nu heel anders uit en zijn ze niet meer vergelijkbaar met bijvoorbeeld ziektes waar onze voorouders aan zijn overleden. Vandaag de dag krijgen meer mensen te maken met hartfalen en vaatziektes, dan met infecties en ondervoeding. Samenhangend met de wijziging in ziektepatronen is ook het beeld van hoe we tegen ziektes aankijken verandert. We hebben ontdekt dat er een sterk verband is tussen onze emoties en de biologische processen in ons lichaam. Onze gedachten, gevoelens en persoonlijkheden beïnvloeden deze processen in ons lichaam, wat ervoor zorgt dat twee mensen die dezelfde ziekte krijgen beide een verschillend ziekteverloop doormaken. Ook stress heeft invloed op onze gezondheid en kan er zelfs voor zorgen dat we ons ziek voelen. Stress kan er echter ook voor zorgen dat het lichaam zich aanpast in bepaalde situaties om te kunnen overleven. Zo kunnen de neuronen in ons brein vijf minuten zonder zuurstof overleven tijdens een hartaanval, zonder dat daar later schade aan wordt ondervonden.
Naast verschillen tussen de mens van nu en de mens van vroeger zijn er ook verschillen op te merken tussen mens en dier, voornamelijk op het gebied van hoe zij stress ervaren. Dieren ervaren stress bij acute fysieke crisissituaties. Een voorbeeld hiervan is een zebra die wordt opgejaagd door een tijger. De zebra zal het plotseling op een rennen moeten zetten, om zichzelf in veiligheid te brengen voor de tijger. De zebra kan zelfs al verwond zijn door de tijger en alsnog uit alle macht proberen te vluchten. Er wordt dan fysiek ineens heel veel geëist van de zebra. Het lichaam blijkt echter prima in staat te zijn om met dit soort stress om te gaan. Mensen daarentegen ervaren vaak chronische fysieke stress. Wanneer de gewassen van een boer bijvoorbeeld door beesten zijn opgegeten, zal hij gedurende een lange periode zijn eten ergens anders moeten halen. Hij zal dan bijvoorbeeld iedere keer veel verder moeten lopen om aan wat eten te komen. Doordat hij iedere keer, gedurende een lange tijd meer.....read more
Stress, Health & Disease - Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (ch1) 
Chapter 1: Why Don’t Zebras Get Ulcers?
This book is focused on stress, stress-related disease, and the mechanisms of coping with stress.
Our personalities, thoughts and feelings reflect and influence our bodies. Stress can make us sick: many of the damaging diseases of slow accumulation can be either caused or made worse by stress.
Stress for us vs stress for zebras:
For the vast majority of beings on this planet, stress is about short-term crisis. It is only damaging once it’s provoked chronically.
Stressor and stress response:
Hans Selye: through research with rats, he came to the conclusion that if stressors go on for too long, they can make you sick.
Allostasis: the modified, modernized version of the homeostasis concept:
Regardless of the stressor (injured, starving, too hot, too cold, or psychologically stressed), you turn on the same stress-response:
Stress, Gezondheid en Ziekte: Samenvattingen, uittreksels, aantekeningen en oefenvragen - UL
In deze bundel worden o.a. samenvattingen, oefententamens en collegeaantekeningen gedeeld voor het vak Stress, gezondheid en Ziekte voor de opleiding Psychologie, jaar 2, aan de Universiteit Leiden.
Voor een compleet overzicht van de door JoHo aangeboden samenvattingen & studiehulp en de beschikbare geprinte samenvattingen voor dit vak ga je naar de Samenvattingen Shop Psychologie - UL - B2/3 op JoHo.org
Summaries per article with Stress, Health and Disease at Leiden University 22/23Summaries per article with Stress, Health and Disease at Leiden University 22/23
Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Stress, Health & Disease - Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (ch1) Chapter 1: Why Don’t Zebras Get Ulcers?
This book is focused on stress, stress-related disease, and the mechanisms of coping with stress.
Our personalities, thoughts and feelings reflect and influence our bodies. Stress can make us sick: many of the damaging diseases of slow accumulation can be either caused or made worse by stress.
Stress for us vs stress for zebras:
For the vast majority of beings on this planet, stress is about short-term crisis. It is only damaging once it’s provoked chronically.
Stressor and stress response:
Hans Selye: through research with rats, he came to the conclusion that if stressors go on for too long, they can make you sick.
Allostasis: the modified, modernized version of the homeostasis concept:
Regardless of the stressor (injured, starving, too hot, too cold, or psychologically stressed), you turn on the same stress-response:
Practice Questions for courses related to Health PsychologyIf you want to practice and test your knowledge on Health Psychology, you can do the practice tests from the following weblinks:
Summaries and study services for Psychology Bachelor 2/3 at Leiden University - Specialisation courses & Electives - Year 2022/2023
This bundle contains relevent study materials with the second and third year of the Psychology Bachelor programme, in Dutch and English for Leiden University. Do you have your own lecture notes or summaries to share? Make your fellow students happy and upload them to your own WorldSupporter profile.
Studiegids bij Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van SapolskyNederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - Bundle
Chapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskySummaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Why zebras don’t get ulcers - Sapolski - 3rd editionHoi Stan,
Hierij mijn update bij de opdracht.
Ik ben benieuwd naar je feedback op de hoofdstukken in het Nederlands. Er moet zoveel aan de oude samenvatting worden verbeterd dat ikzelf soms even niet meer zie wat beter kan en wat al goed is.
Dezelfde
... Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Examtests with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskyWhat is allostase?
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
What order of events is correct?
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress
.....read more Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Hormones and psychiatric disorders - summary of part of Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated by Sapolsky
Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated
By: Sapolsky, R. M. (2004).
New York: Henry Holt.
As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally.
Some of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland links are activated during stress, some inhibited.
Two hormones vital to the stress-response released by the sympathetic nervous system:
Another important class of hormones in the response to stress are called glucocorticoids.
These are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Back the epinephrine activity up over the course of minutes to hours.
Because the adrenal gland is basically witless, glucocorticoid release must ultimately be under the control of the hormones of the brain.
When something stressful happens or you think a stressful thought, the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system that gets the ball rolling.
The principal such releaser is CRH (coticotropin releasing hormone).
A variety of minor players synergize with CRH
Withing fifteen seconds, CRH triggers the pituitary to release ACTH (corticotrpin) in the bloodstream.
ACTH reaches the adrenal gland and (in a few minutes) triggers glucocorticoid release.
Together, glucocorticoids and the secretions of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine) account for a large percentage of what happens in your body during stress.
In times of stress, your pancreas is stimulated to release a hormone called glucagon.
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and the systematic nervous system raise circulating levels of the sugar glucose.
These hormones are essential for mobilizing energy during stress.
Other hormones are activated as well.
The pituitary secretes prolactin, which plays a role in suppressing reproduction during stress.
Both the pituitary and the brain secrete endorphins and enkephalins, which help blunt pain perception.
The pituitary secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which plays a role in the cardiovascular stress response.
Various hormonal systems are inhibited during stress
The secretion of various reproductive hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited.
Hormones related to growth are also inhibited.
As are the secretin of insulin.
A few complications
Fight or flight response is a way of conceptualizing the stress-response as preparing the body for that sudden burst of energy demands.
This might be different in females.
In most species, females are typically less aggressive than males, and having dependent young often precludes the option of flight.
Some suggest that the female stress-response is about
PREVIEW - Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers van Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.....read more Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - BundleChapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
The Sapolski Bundel: samenvattingen en oefenmateriaal voor 'Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers' (NL)
Studiegids bij Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van SapolskyNederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - BundleChapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskySummaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Why zebras don’t get ulcers - Sapolski - 3rd editionHoi Stan,
Hierij mijn update bij de opdracht.
Ik ben benieuwd naar je feedback op de hoofdstukken in het Nederlands. Er moet zoveel aan de oude samenvatting worden verbeterd dat ikzelf soms even niet meer zie wat beter kan en wat al goed is.
Dezelfde
... Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Examtests with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskyWhat is allostase?
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
What order of events is correct?
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress
.....read more Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Hormones and psychiatric disorders - summary of part of Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated by SapolskyWhy zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated
By: Sapolsky, R. M. (2004).
New York: Henry Holt.
As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally.
Some of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland links are activated during stress, some inhibited.
Two hormones vital to the stress-response released by the sympathetic nervous system:
Another important class of hormones in the response to stress are called glucocorticoids.
These are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Back the epinephrine activity up over the course of minutes to hours.
Because the adrenal gland is basically witless, glucocorticoid release must ultimately be under the control of the hormones of the brain.
When something stressful happens or you think a stressful thought, the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system that gets the ball rolling.
The principal such releaser is CRH (coticotropin releasing hormone).
A variety of minor players synergize with CRH
Withing fifteen seconds, CRH triggers the pituitary to release ACTH (corticotrpin) in the bloodstream.
ACTH reaches the adrenal gland and (in a few minutes) triggers glucocorticoid release.
Together, glucocorticoids and the secretions of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine) account for a large percentage of what happens in your body during stress.
In times of stress, your pancreas is stimulated to release a hormone called glucagon.
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and the systematic nervous system raise circulating levels of the sugar glucose.
These hormones are essential for mobilizing energy during stress.
Other hormones are activated as well.
The pituitary secretes prolactin, which plays a role in suppressing reproduction during stress.
Both the pituitary and the brain secrete endorphins and enkephalins, which help blunt pain perception.
The pituitary secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which plays a role in the cardiovascular stress response.
Various hormonal systems are inhibited during stress
The secretion of various reproductive hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited.
Hormones related to growth are also inhibited.
As are the secretin of insulin.
A few complications
Fight or flight response is a way of conceptualizing the stress-response as preparing the body for that sudden burst of energy demands.
This might be different in females.
In most species, females are typically less aggressive than males, and having dependent young often precludes the option of flight.
Some suggest that the female stress-response is about
PREVIEW - Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers van Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.....read more Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - BundleChapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
The Sapolski Bundel: samenvattingen en oefenmateriaal voor 'Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers' (NL)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.......read moreNederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
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