Blok 3 Bachelor 1: Aantekeningen & samenvattingen bij Politicologie aan de UL Leiden
Samenvatting Economie voor politicologen Universiteit Leiden jaar 1 Bachelor Politicologie blok 3.
Samenvatting Economie voor politicologen Universiteit Leiden jaar 1 Bachelor Politicologie blok 3.
Lecture 1: The core of the market economy, a spontanous order
Opportunity costs: the value of the good service or time lost to obtain something else
Microeconomics studies individual decision-making units, such as a consumer, a worker, or a business firm.
Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole or its aggregates
Aggregate: a collection of specific economic units treated as if they were one unit.
Economic problem: the need to make choices because wants exceeds means
Economic problems for individuals
Limited income forces people to choose what to buy and what not
Necessities and luxuries as types of wants
Economic problems for society:
Scarcity of economic resources: land, labor, kapital, entrepreneurial ability (KANO)
Many ways to distribute: goods and private or government services
Production possibilities model
Assumptions:
Full employment of resources
Fixed resources
Fixed technology
Two goods: consumer and capital goods
Creates a negative curve downwards
Law of increasing opportunity costs: as production of a good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit increases.
Budget Line: shows various combinations of two products a consumer can buy with a specific money income.
Economic system: a particular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism for producing goods and services.
Two types of economic systems:
Command system
Government owns most of the production
Economic decisions are made by a central governing body
Failure because
Coordination problem: output targets
Incentive problem: no adjustments for surplus or shortage
Market system
Production is privately owned
Markets and prices are used to direct and coordinate economic activities
Freedom of enterprise
Freedom of choice
Private property
Self interest is the most advantageous outcome
Competition is the present in the market
Samenvatting Comparative politics politicologie Universiteit Leiden Blok 3, jaar 1
Summary Comparative Politics
University Leiden
Year 1, Block 3, Politicologie
Lecture 1: What is comparative politics
Objectives:
Define comparative politics
The role of comparison
Recognise different theoretical approaches
Comparative Politics
addresses how factors influence others, what drives behavior including multi level politics.
There is a scientific reason to compare: does X influence Y? is there causality or correlation?
Statistical control: mathematically estimate the effects when changing one variable
Comparative controle: Select cases in such a way that we can eliminate alternative explanation
Qualitative Methods: Small cases but a lot of information
Quantitative methods: Statistical solvability by mathematical comparisons using graphs
Single case studies according to leiphart:
A-theoretical
Interpretative
Hypothesis building
theory infirming
Deviant case study
Comparative in this case means comparing your study to all other cases which accort to a specific theory
Comparative research consists of:
most similar system
selecting cases which are as similar as possible but contain different outcomes
look for the differences which determine the different outcomes
This formes an independent variable
Most dissimilar systems design:
select different cases but similar outcomes
look for select similarities within different cases in cofounding potential
This forms the reason of the similar outcome
Challenges of comparison
Too many variables and too little cases
Biased selection
Survivorship bias: only accord for the surviving states
Confirmation bias: selecting cases which for your theory
Value bias: selecting cases which accord to your outcome
Lecture 2: The State
Objectives:
Define and outline the differences between the key concepts of politics, power and authority
Discuss the classical definition of the state
Outline discussions surrounding the role of the state
Samenvatting SPSS-videos statistiek II Politicologie Universiteit Leiden Jaar 1, blok 3
SPSS instructies video samenvatting Statistiek II:
Scatterplot en regressielijn
Scatterplot maken (simpel):
Beide interval ratio, geen missing values!
x-as onafhankelijk, y-as afhankelijjk
Graphs > Chartbuilder > Scatter > simple scatter > linear fit lines total > OK
Chart editor > fit line at total
Scatterplot maken (lastig)
Beide interval ratio, geen missing values!
x-as onafhankelijk, y-as afhankelijjk
Graphs > Chartbuilder > Scatter > simple scatter > Paste > (rij ELEMENT point.jitter( > Run (vanaf GGRAPH)
Chart editor > fit line at total
Bivariate en multivariate regressie
Bivariate regressie analyse maken
Beide interval ratio
Analyze > regression > linear > Dependent en independent > ok
Coefficients unstandardized B voor de constante en de richtingscoëfficient
Multivariate regressie analyse maken
Beide interval ratio
Analyze > regression > linear > Dependent en 2x independent > ok
Multivariate regressie hiërarchische methode gebruiken
Analyze > regression > linear > independent > next > independent > r square change (geeft weer of het model in blok twee significant beter is dan het model in blok 1) > OK
Significantie van de R squared change laat zien of model 1 beter is dan geen independent variables en of model 2 beter is dan model 1.
Anovatest: laat zien dat beide modellen dezelfde N gebruikt
Coëfficiënts: constanten en coëfficienten voor model 1 en 2 los, laat zien dat beide een significante waarde hebben
excluded variable: laat zien welke waarde niet is toegevoegd aan model 1
Dummy-variabelen in een regressieanalyse
Voor nominale waarden in een regressietabel moet er een dummyvariabele worden gemaakt
transform > recode into different variable > verander naam in voorspelling van de nieuwe variabele > Change > old and new values > 1 wordt 0, 2 wordt 1, MISSING-SYSMIS
Analyze > regression > linear > independent=dummy > ok
Coefficients: constante laat de gemiddelde waarde op de variabele zien, female coefficient laat zien hoe meer/minder op de variabele wordt gekeken (Let op sig)
Bij meerdere dummies
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