Cognitive Neuroscience - Lectures (Utrecht University)
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Franz Joseph Gall suggested that surface of the head depends on mental skills. He is one of the firsts linking the brain to cognition.
Can modern phrenology be seen as modern cognitive neuroscience?
Brodmann was the first to map the cortex based on cell types. More detailed maps followed later.
The structure of the brain has a reason: function.
You can measure brain activity using
Brain elements: neurotransmitter & hormones. You can add pharmacology and food supplements.
Brain computation: making models of the brain to improve applications (facebook, google).
Cognitive neuroscience defines steps/networks in information processes by using neuroscientific methods.
EEG (ElectroEncephaloGraphy):
When is the measurement good?:
32-64 electrodes are enough to measure time effects.
Advantages EEG:
EEG measures the voltage potentials and MEG measures the magnetic field. MEG is similar to EEG, but better localization and most sensitive to activity originating from sulci.
EEG = relatively cheap, measures more neurons.
MEG = expensive, better localization
EEG & MEG same temporal resolution, MEG better spatial resolution.
So slow waves = low arousal
Fast waves = high arousal
Gamma (32Hz>) = superlearning
Beta (16-31Hz) = processing information, analytical thinking
Alpha (8-15Hz) = Eyes closed or very relaxed
Theta (4-7Hz) = Sleep, REM, dreaming, deep meditation
Delta (<4Hz) = deep dreamless sleep
ADHD = hyperactive, but less cortical arousal
Treating ADHD = increase arousal with medicine
Each frequency reflects a different mental state.
Average ERP’s to cancel out the noise.
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