Cognitive Neuroscience - Lectures (Utrecht University)
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Single unit recording: record action potentials from individual neurons
Two types of recording:
How do we study unit activity with respect to a stimulus or cognitive task?
Rasterplot + peristimulus time histogram (PSTH):
Multielectrode recordings: many recordings. Includes high density multi-electrode recording
Local waves are related: they travel across the cortex. Many start frontally and end up in the medial temporal lobe.
Sound is compressed air. Single harmonic sounds = pure tone, single frequency, sinusoidal.
Complex harmonic sounds:
Outer ear: amplifies sound, particularly at the frequency range between 2-5 kHz, a range that is important for speech perception. Helps in front-back localization.
Middle ear: transduces air sound waves in outer ear to fluid sound waves in inner ear.
Inner ear: Transduction of sound into neural activity
Basilar membrane: vibrates, properties change along the length so the resonance differs. So every spot will prefer to vibrate at a specific frequency.
Cochleogram: excitation of basilar membrane by sound as a function of time and place.
There are ion channels in the hair tips are sensitive to movement. When the hair moves the gate will open and will depolarize and a neurotransmitter will be released.
Tonotopic organization is present throughout primary auditory pathway.
Speech is lateralized.
The main subjective quality of sounds are:
Auditory system does not simply report physical characteristics of sounds, but relation between physics and percept is complex.
Harmonic series are very typical of many ‘natural’ sounds, such as voices, rattles etc.
We use two separate mechanisms that determine two different physical phenomena to localize sounds:
Summary auditory perception:
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