Summary of Chapter 4 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
This is the Chapter 4 of the book Introduction to Health Psychology (Val Morrison_ Paul Bennett) 4th Edition. Which is content for the exam of the component Health Psychology of Module 5 (Health Psychology & Applied Technology) of the University of Twente, in the Netherlands.
Ch. 4: Health-protective behaviour
Adherence behaviour:
Definition and measurement:
- Compliance: behaviour which conforms with “doctors’ orders”
- Adherence: person sticks to/cooperates with/advice about medication (or lifestyle change) in a more collaborative practitioner-patient relationship --> influenced individual/environmental factors (healthcare practices)
- 60% of drug needed daily, any less defined as non-adherence
- Concordance: agreement physician/patient as to what appropriate treatment (not describe adherence behaviour, but more the conditions in which to encourage it)
Do people adhere?
- Gather data: combine self-/other- report, with biological measurements/pill counts/electronic monitoring systems
- Adherence rate vary:
- Treatment complexity (timing medicines/…)
- Individual beliefs/actual illness severity
Cost of non-adherence:
- Hospital readmission
- UK --> £200 million per year due t repeat admissions to hospital
Why not adhere:
- Patient-related factors: self-efficacy beliefs
- Condition-related factors: symptom type, perceived severity
- Treatment-related factors: number/type/timing/side-effects
- Socioeconomic factors: access to dispensing pharmacy/social isolation
- System-related factors
- Nonadherence behaviour:
- Intentional non-adherence: “I stopped taking my pills as they made me feel sick”
- Unintentional non-adherence: “Sometimes I forget…”
- Influences:
- Micro level: personality
- Macro level: cultural/political context
- Meso level: social institutions
Healthy Diet:
- Low intake fruit/vegetables --> responsible for over 3 million deaths yearly
Fruit/vegetables
- Essentials healthy body: 5 per day
- Vitamins
- Folic acid
- Antioxidants: oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL/bad cholesterol) --> some chemical properties (polyphenols) of substances (red wine) inhibit process of oxidation
- Fibre
- Meta-analysis: review/re-analysis of pre-existing quantitative datasets, combines analysis to provide large samples/high statistical power to draw reliable conclusions about specific effects
- Vegetarians lower cancer incidence/lower rates of ischaemic heart disease: restriction of blood flow to heart
Why problem with intake?
Food preferences:
- Biological preferences/social + cultural factors
- Parents major role patterns eating/food choices/leisure activities/rules & guidelines as to what considered appropriate behaviour
- Food Dudes: pre-/primary-school children UK --> programme draws on learning theory techniques of increased taste exposure to fruit/vegetables
- Cartoon youth characters reinforcement by means of rewards for fruit/vegetable eating
Exercise:
- Physical inactivity: 4th leading risk factor for global mortality
- Exercise: health-protective, reduce risk of developing -->
- Cardiovascular/CHD
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Osteoporosis: reduction bone density due to calcium loss
- Obesity
- Some forms of cancer --> colorectal/breast cancer
Recommendations:
- Adults [18-64]:
- At least 30 min moderate intensity exercise on least 5 days week
- 150 min moderate exercise/75 min high-intensity exercise
- Youth [5-17]:
- 60 min least moderate to vigorous intensity daily
Physical health & exercise:
- Exercise: balance energy intake/output
- planned physical activity (swimming)
- Pursuit one’s daily life (going shopping)
- Regular performance of exercise:
- Strengthens heart muscles
- Increases cardiac/respiratory efficiency
- Reduce blood pressure
- Reduces body fat
Psychological benefits:
- Elevated mood/reduced anxiety & depression/improved self-esteem & body-image
- Benefits attributed biological mechanisms:
- Release body’s own opiates (endorphins) into bloodstream --> natural high, acts as painkiller/reduces stress hormone (cortisol)
- Release catecholamines (chemical substances, brain neurotransmitters) --> enhanced mood
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): found in brain and in SNS
- Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): part autonomic nervous system involved mobilising energy to activate/maintain arousal
- Adrenaline (epinephrine): neurotransmitter/hormone secreted by adrenal medulla --> increases physiological activity in body
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): found in brain and in SNS
- Benefits attributed biological mechanisms:
- Prosocial behaviour: behaviour acts positively valued by society and elicit positive social consequences
- Affective experiences:
- Cognitive distraction or actual physical removal form life problems --> means coping with stress
- Social support from exercise environment
- Enhanced self-esteem/self-image attributed weight loss and general fitness
Cognitive function:
- May improve some aspects cognitive functioning --> benefits ageing/dementia
Why exercise (or not)?
- Yes:
- Physical fitness
- Lose weight/body shape
- Maintain/enhance health status
- Improve self-image/mood
- Stress reduction
- Social activity
- No:
- Time
- Cost
- Access appropriate facilities/equipment
- Embarrassment
- Self-belief
- Lack social support
Health-screening behaviour:
- Purposes heath-screening:
- Identification risk factors for illness --> enable behaviour change or surgery
- Detect early asymptomatic signs disease in order to treat
Screening for risk factors:
- Public health (societal)/individual benefit
- For cardiovascular risk --> cholesterol/blood pressure assessment and monitoring
- Eye test --> diabetes/glaucoma/myopia
- Prenatal genetic testing
- Genetic testing for carrier status --> cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease gene or breast/ovarian/colon cancer in those with family history
Disease detection:
- Biomedical model: identify abnormalities in cell/organ functioning asap
- Mammography: breast cancer. X-ray procedure creates image breast --> identify early stages tumours
- Cervical smear or Pap test: cervical cancer
- Antenatal screening: down’s syndrome or spina bifida
- Bone density screening
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA): assess levels/density of protein produced by prostate and released into bloodstream
- Lack sensitivity: Ratio true positive test to total number of positive cases. PSA fails to detect disease 15% of cases
- Specificity: ratio true negative test to total number of negative cases. PSA says about 2/3 men with high scores won’t have prostate cancer, but have other conditions that influences PSA
Criteria screening programmes:
- UK National Screening Centre criteria (2005):
- Health-care costs should be considered
- Evidence-based info provided participants to enable them informed choice
- Sub-groups to target should be identified
- Importance health problem
- Clear benefit to identifying changeable risk/should be recognisable early
- Treatment early stage should have clear benefits compared to later treatment
- Good sensitivity/specificity
- Acceptable general population
- Adequate facilities
- Screening frequency/follow-up
Decision Screening:
- Utility maximisation: Intention seek such test, from perceived pros/cons of such testing
- Ehealth sources: overstating benefits/understating potential risk of screening results --> most people cope screening process/outcome, but for some emotional/behavioural consequences are significant
Self-screening behaviour:
- Breast self-examination (BSE): costs health-care visits --> BSE recommended
Screening behaviour:
- Education/income
- Age
- Knowledge about condition
- Knowledge about purpose screening
- Knowledge potential outcomes of screening
- Embarrassment regarding procedures involved
- Fear outcome
- Fear procedure
- Self-efficacy for self-examination
- --->Implementation intention: focused individualised plan for action
Immunisation behaviour:
- Immunisation behaviour: crucial to public health, yet influenced by cultural/social/emotional/cognitive factors
- Health policy: provide vaccinations/long-lasting protection against specific disease without adverse consequences --> costs vaccination outweighed by cost of dealing disease if no vaccine
- Antigen: process on surface of pathogen --> enable immune system to recognise pathogen as foreign substance and hence produce antibodies to fight it (vaccinations introduce prepared viruses/bacteria, and these have antigens)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV): present 70-95% cervical cancers. Although small % of HPV infections develop into cancer
Summary of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book by Morrison and Bennet - 4th Edition
- Summary of Chapter 1 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 2 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 3 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 4 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 5 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 6 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 7 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 9 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 10 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 11 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 14 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 15 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 16 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
- Summary of Chapter 17 of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book (Morrison & Bennet, 4th Edition)
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Summary of the Introduction to Health Psychology Book by Morrison and Bennet - 4th Edition
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