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According to empirism, the basis of science is:
This person founded the first laboratory for psychological experiments and used introspection as a research method:
In Behaviorism the observation of ... is central:
What caused behaviorism to be rejected?:
The most important recent development that has influenced cognition psychology is the rise of the computer, because:
The most important themes of cognition are:
Gestalt psychologists generally see everything:
The two most important measures for measuring mental processes are:
What are conscious mental processes?
What does introspection mean and what is the problem with introspection?
Why did researchers focus on behaviorism instead of introspection?
What is neuropsychology?
A. Observation.
C. Wilhelm Wundt.
A. Behaviors.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
A. A computer is comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an internal process that is observable
D. All of the above answers are correct.
C. As a whole.
A. Response times and accuracy measures
Thoughts, feelings, perceptions and memories.
You 'look' inside to observe and record the content of your mental life. The problem is that with the help of introspection it is difficult to give objective reports. Also, since people are not always aware of all their mental processes, they can not report these processes.
Instead of introspection, researchers wanted to focus on data that could be observed, such as behavior, stimuli, and a person's learning history.
This studies the way in which brain dysfunction can affect performance.
Chemicals that transmit messages between neurons are called:
What is the Capgras syndrome?
The brain can be divided into three parts, which parts are these and why are they important?
Which structure in the cortex is important for (the transmission of) sensory information?
To which system do the amygdala and the hippocampus belong to and what are these structures essential for?
There are different research methods for different goals. What do you use a CT scan for and / or an MRI for?
In which area is apraxia, agnosia, aphasia or neglect 'gained'?
D. Dendrites.
A remarkable disorder in which someone can recognize the people in his world, but is convinced that these people are not who they seem to be.
The hindbrain is located directly above the spinal cord and contains various structures that are essential for controlling important life functions (heartbeat, breathing, balance, posture and alertness). Most of the hindbrain, the cerebellum, has been held responsible for years for coordinating balance and exercise.
The midbrain has different functions. It plays an important role in coordinating movement and is involved in processing auditory information and regulating pain experiences.
For us, however, the most interesting part is the forebrain, especially the cerebral cortex. The wrinkles (convolutions) are part of the outer layer of the brain. The grooves between these wrinkles divide the brain into different parts. The largest groove is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the left hemisphere from the right hemisphere. Other grooves divide the cortex into four lobes: the front lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe.
The thalamus.
They are part of the limbic system and are essential for learning and memory.
These scans tell something about the shape and size of the brain structures.
In the association areas (75% of the cerebral cortex).
Conjunction search is about:
Mind wandering is the phenomenon that:
What functions do cones have?
What is the binding problem?
What is the optic nerve good for?
What is lateral inhibition?
There are two types of cells within the optic nerve: parvocellular (P) cells and magnocellular (M) cells. What are these cells for?
What is perceptual constancy?
B. Searching for something with more than one characteristic.
C. The attention on one task diminishes and instead attention is focused on another task.
Cones are sensitive to differences in color and details (sharpness or acuity).
The binding problem is about the question of how all kinds of different elements, coming through different systems in different areas of the brain, are integrated to a whole.
The optic nerve is not only a 'cable' that enables the transfer of information, the nerve cells that are part of it are also involved in analyzing the visual input.
A pattern in which cells that are stimulated inhibit 'neighbor cells'. This pattern causes cells that detect the outside of a surface to react more strongly, which is also called edge enhancement.
P cells seem to be specialized in spatial analysis and the detailed analysis of forms. M cells are important for observing movement and depth.
Perceptual constancy means that people see the constant properties of an object, even though the sensory information they get, changes (such as changes in light).
Recognition by means of a feature analysis is:
The inability to recognize faces is called:
A prime is:
Priming happens when:
Encountering a specific stimulus causes this stimulus to be processed faster later on, this is called:
Our perception is guided by various simple principles. We all have these principles and that is why we often perceive the world in the same way that others do. What are these principles?
What is rehearsal priming?
What is distributed knowledge?
What does the McClelland and Rumelhart model entail?
What does the RBC (recognition by components) model entail?
What is a holistic recognition?
C. Recognizing basic building blocks of shapes and patterns that form a combined pattern.
B. Prosopagnosia.
A. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects the following stimuli.
C. A written word automatically activates the meaning of that word in memory .
B. Repetition priming.
These principles are:
When you have seen a (word / object / person) more often and / or recently.
The knowledge is spread over the entire network and only becomes visible if you look at the entire network.
The McClelland and Rumelhart model states that activation of one detector can lead to the inhibition of another detector. This model also claims that information is sent to and from the brain, as appears to be the case during visual processing.
The RBC model contains a level of detectors that are sensitive to geons, which are basic 'building blocks' for all objects that we recognize. Geons are merged into geon assemblies, which then activate the object model. Advantages: recognition based on geons is point of view dependent; most objects can be recognized by using only a few geons.
Recognizing something in one go.
The memory consists of the following process(es):
Input attention consists of:
Sustained attention is:
The cognitive aspect of the spontaneous shift of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical aspects is called:
The analogy that each channel and physical connection through which information is sent / processed has a maximum capacity, is called:
According to the standard information processing model (Atkinson and Shriffrin), information stored in the long-term memory follows this path:
Patients with neglect:
Can you decide for yourself what to pay attention to?
What is a dichotic listening task and what is the purpose of this task?
What is unintentional blindness?
What is the difference between early and late selection?
Which two types of priming do you have and what do these types mean?
What is visible in patients with unilateral neglect syndrome?
Why does the executive control of the brain help to perform multiple tasks?
D. Retrieval .
D. All of the above answers are correct.
A. Sustaining attention for a period in which relatively little happens.
B. Attention capture
B. Channel capacity
C. Sensory memory, coding, short term memory, storage and long term memory.
D. All of three above answers are correct.
Yes you can, but you can not (consciously) decide what your eyes are looking at. This confuses many people.
You will receive different input for this task (headphones). Participants must pay attention to one of these input sources (attended channel) and not to the other (unattended channel). Sometimes a cocktail party effect occurs.
Because you do not expect something, you sometimes do not see it (see YouTube videos for examples).
During early selection, certain input is identified and biased from the start, so that other input is hardly analyzed. In the case of late selection, all inputs are analyzed relatively completely and then the selection is made.
Two types of priming:
They seem to ignore input from one half of the body (and therefore see only half, literally).
This mechanism ensures goal-setting and priorities and directs the function of many cognitive processes.
Factor(s) that determine the availability of information in the memory are:
The recency effect is about that, when listing ideas:
A better memory of the last items in a test when it comes to auditory stimuli instead of visual stimuli is called:
Merging information into one unit so that more information can be held in short-term memory is called:
What happens during the retrieval phase?
What is the iconic memory and what is the echoic memory?
According to the modal model, different types of memory are involved in information processing, which are these and what do they entail?
If you let a participant read and remember a list of words, the first and last words are often remembered. How is this possible? Which two effects play a role in this?
What is the difference between intentional and incidental learning?
D. All of three above answers are correct.
B. The last named idea is best is remembered.
B. The modality effect.
B. Chunking.
You locate the information stored in your memory and you can actively use it, which is also called retrieval.
The iconic memory is the memory for visual information and the echoic memory is the memory for auditory information.
Types of memory:
Effects:
If you really sit down to read this document, you are intentionally learning (you intend to learn something). If you are doing a fun game and you see how tactically someone is playing and you learn from that, then you learn incidentally.
The word frequency effect on the response to two existing words on the lexical decision task, shows that:
When people talk about existing knowledge or context that influences more basic processes, they talk about:
If there is an association of two processes, this means that if one of the two processes is damaged, the other process:
Thanks to encoding specificity, one can retrieve information with the use of:
What is context-dependent learning?
What is a retrieval cue?
We have two types of knowledge retrieval, which two are these and what do both types mean?benjamin blümchen
What is the difference between the explicit and the implicit memory?
B. There is more time needed to search for low-frequency words in the long term memory than is needed to search for high-frequency words.
A. Top-down processing.
A. Is also disrupted.
B. Retrieval cues.
The environment in which someone had studied, can influence the recall of material.
Hints to remember certain material. Used when testing memory.
Recall: information that we have encountered earlier (you have the source; source memory).
Recognition: you get information from your memory through familiarity.
With the implicit memory, you use your knowledge unconsciously (when you cycle, you no longer think about how to keep your balance or how to move your legs). With the explicit memory this is not the case, you have to retrieve the knowledge.
Taking this practice exam test is a form of:
What is a transplantation error?
What happens during the misinformation effect?
Which three different factors ensure that someone can remember information properly?
B. Elaborative rehearsal.
An error in establishing the connection between two events.
With the misinformation effect, the memories of participants are influenced by misinformation that they received after an event had occurred. It is easier to plant a realistic event. It is also easier to plant a memory when the participant is instructed to think about the event, instead of only hearing about the event.
Three ways:
Within connectionism, the adjustments of weights of certain connections is called:
Within connectionism, one finds these units:
Geons within the Recognition by components (RBC) theory are:
The higher accuracy of reporting items at the end of a list, is called:
Baddeleys working memory model consists of:
An effect that influences the phonological loop is:
The working memory capacity is:
To what extent items are considered typical members of a category is called:
The permanent storage of new information from memory in the neural structure is called
What is meant by 'concepts'?
What does the prototype theory entail?
What does exemplar-based reasoning entail?
D. Backpropagation.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
A. Geometric basic figures.
D. The recency effect.
D. All of the above answers above are correct.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
D. Different for each person and depends on cognitive processes.
B. Typicality
C. Consolidation.
Building blocks that make knowledge possible.
The prototype theory attempts to characterize a concept by specifying the center of a category. A prototype will generally be an average of various category members that you have encountered.
In some cases, categorization takes place on the basis of specific members of a category instead of general information about the entire category (copy-based reasoning).
Language is analyzed at the following levels:
Whorff's linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:
How a sentence is ordered, is called:
Two important factors in the cognitive role of syntax are:
The garden path phenomenon means that:
When someone has problems producing language, they speak of:
Voicing occurs when the vocal cords are opened and closed quickly. There are different ways in which speech can be produced. Sounds can be described in different ways, what are these?
What does categorical perception refer to?
What does orthography mean?
What does semantic representation mean?
What does Whorff's theory of relativity state?
What can be said about the vocabulary of bilingual children?
D. All of the above answers are correct.
A. The language you speak influences the way you think.
A. Syntax.
C. Planning and automatic processing
A. You have taken the wrong path and have to go back when reading a sentence.
B. Broca's aphasia
Different ways:
It refers to you being better at distinguishing sounds between categories than within categories.
Orthography: the sequence of letters with which you can spell a word.
Semantic representation: a connection of meaning to a sound.
According to Whorff, language is our thoughts, so people who speak a different language have a different way of thinking.
In the beginning, bilingual children have a smaller vocabulary, but they quickly make up for this difference.
Boundary extension is:
Memory strategies:
What is visual imagery?
What happens during a mental rotation task?
Does a large part of humanity have a photographic memory?
A. A partially pictured image is completed by the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
Thinking in pictures.
During a mental rotation task, participants first try to get the images on the same line and then they judge the similarity of the images.
Little is known about photographic memory, but we know it is a rare capacity. This term must therefore be used with caution.
Groups of three statements, from which a logical conclusion (the third statement) can be drawn on the basis of the first two statements, are called:
What does the representativeness heuristic mean?
What is the gambler's fallacy?
What is the confirmation bias?
Emotions also have a lot of influence on decisions, regret is an example of this. Somatic markers are physical sensations and have influence. However, research shows that people are surprisingly bad at predicting their own emotions (which is also called affective forecasting). Which area of the brain is involved in this forecasting?
B. Syllogisms.
When you want to assess a probability, you sometimes use a representative instead of it, this is called a representativeness heuristic.
The assumption of homogeneity leads us to think that a representative case of a category has the same property as the overall category, while this is not the case.
People's tendency to take more account of evidence that supports your beliefs than evidence that goes against your beliefs. If, while you are aware of evidence to the contrary, you persist, we call this preservation error.
The orbitofrontal cortex.
Stereotyping has to do with:
Functional rigidity:
A deep, usable, understanding of something is called:
When using an analogy, this is important:
The different phases of a problem are called:
In a well-defined problem:
What are the four phases of creativity?
What is predictive validity (with regard to IQ)?
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
What is the Flynn effect?
D. Beliefs.
B. Is the tendency of people to use objects and concepts as they are used normally.
A. Insight.
D. All of the above answers are correct.
D. The problem field.
A. The initial state is clear and the end state is clear.
Preparation, incubation, illumination (Aha! Moment) and verification. However, not all researchers agree. With this strategy, people often break the problem into sub-problems, each with their own purpose, making it easier to solve the problem.
Indicates how good / bad you can predict a performance based on IQ.
Fluid intelligence: dealing with new and unusual problems.
Crystallized intelligence: skills and knowledge.
The average IQ becomes higher over the years, this is called the Flynn effect.
What are action slips and how can they be explained?
What possible explanation does the author of the book provide for the difference between being awake and sleeping?
What is the neural workplace hypothesis?
What does someone talk about when he speaks about 'phenomenal consciousness'?
Action slips are moments when someone does something else than what they intended in the first place. For example: brushing your teeth in the bathroom, while you actually intended to get the nailclipper from the bathroom. The cognitive unconsciousness mind ensures efficiency, but for that it has to compromise on flexibility and (executive) control. It is, for example, influenced by habits or by the situation. This may explain why action slips occur, why you do something else than what you intended to do.
The neural workplace hypothesis.
The neural workplace hypothesis starts with the idea that a lot of processing in the brain is executed by separated, specialised brainmodules. However, when you focus your attention on a particular stimulus, neurons from different modules will connect through the workplace neurones (solving the binding problem). The anterior cingulate cortext is important for detecting the conflict between different metal operations. The neural workplace idea can also explain the difference between being awake and sleeping.
About the subjective experience of consciousness.
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