Examtests with Cognition: Exploring the Science of Mind by Reisberg - 7th edition

What is cognitive psychology? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions

Question 1

According to empirism, the basis of science is:

1. Observation
2. Repeatability
3. Testing
4. Thinking

Question 2

This person founded the first laboratory for psychological experiments and used introspection as a research method:

1. Edward Titchener
2. William James
3. Wilhelm Wundt
4. Herman von Ebbinghaus

Question 3

In Behaviorism the observation of ... is central:

1. Behaviors
2. Thoughts
3. Consciousness
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

What caused behaviorism to be rejected?:

1. There was too little progress.
2. It was not practically applicable to human functioning.
3. It was applied without proper substantiation on acquiring language.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The most important recent development that has influenced cognition psychology is the rise of the computer, because:

1. A computer is comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an internal process that is observable.
2. A computer is similar to a human being, with a stimulus-response controlled by an external process that is not observable.
3. A computer is not comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response controlled by an internal process that is observable.
4. A computer is not comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an external process that is not observable.

Question 6

The most important themes of cognition are:

1. Attention and data vs. concept-driven processes and representations
2. Implicit vs. explicit memory and the brain
3. Metacognition and embodiment
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

Gestalt psychologists generally see everything:

1. As a mix of individual elements.
2. As a sum of of individual elements.
3. As a whole.
4. As a composition.

Question 8

The two most important measures for measuring mental processes are:

1. Response times and accuracy measures
2. Response times and IQ
3. IQ and accuracy measures
4. Accuracy and association measures

Open questions

Question 1

What are conscious mental processes?

Question 2

What does introspection mean and what is the problem with introspection?

Question 3

Why did researchers focus on behaviorism instead of introspection?

Question 4

What is neuropsychology?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. Observation.

Question 2

C. Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 3

A. Behaviors.

Question 4

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

A. A computer is comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an internal process that is observable

Question 6

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

C. As a whole.

Question 8

A. Response times and accuracy measures

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions and memories.

Question 2

You 'look' inside to observe and record the content of your mental life. The problem is that with the help of introspection it is difficult to give objective reports. Also, since people are not always aware of all their mental processes, they can not report these processes.

Question 3

Instead of introspection, researchers wanted to focus on data that could be observed, such as behavior, stimuli, and a person's learning history.

Question 4

This studies the way in which brain dysfunction can affect performance.

What is the neural basis of cognition? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions

Question 1

Chemicals that transmit messages between neurons are called:

1. Axons
2. Synapses
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Dendrites

Open questions

Question 1

What is the Capgras syndrome?

Question 2

The brain can be divided into three parts, which parts are these and why are they important?

Question 3

Which structure in the cortex is important for (the transmission of) sensory information?

Question 4

To which system do the amygdala and the hippocampus belong to and what are these structures essential for?

Question 5

There are different research methods for different goals. What do you use a CT scan for and / or an MRI for?

Question 6

In which area is apraxia, agnosia, aphasia or neglect 'gained'?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Dendrites.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

A remarkable disorder in which someone can recognize the people in his world, but is convinced that these people are not who they seem to be.

Question 2

• The hindbrain is located directly above the spinal cord and contains various structures that are essential for controlling important life functions (heartbeat, breathing, balance, posture and alertness). Most of the hindbrain, the cerebellum, has been held responsible for years for coordinating balance and exercise.

• The midbrain has different functions. It plays an important role in coordinating movement and is involved in processing auditory information and regulating pain experiences.

• For us, however, the most interesting part is the forebrain, especially the cerebral cortex. The wrinkles (convolutions) are part of the outer layer of the brain. The grooves between these wrinkles divide the brain into different parts. The largest groove is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the left hemisphere from the right hemisphere. Other grooves divide the cortex into four lobes: the front lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe.

Question 3

The thalamus.

Question 4

They are part of the limbic system and are essential for learning and memory.

Question 5

These scans tell something about the shape and size of the brain structures.

Question 6

In the association areas (75% of the cerebral cortex).

How does visual perception work? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions

Question 1

Conjunction search is about:

1. Searching for something with one characteristic.
2. Searching for something with more than one characteristic.
3. Searching for a new stimulus.
4. Searching for a connection.

Question 2

Mind wandering is the phenomenon that:

1. Someone can't remember what they were going to do.
2. Someone prefers wandering above thinking.
3. The attention on one task diminishes and instead attention is focused on another task.
4. Attention is focused on a very important task.

Open questions

Question 1

What functions do cones have?

Question 2

What is the binding problem?

Question 3

What is the optic nerve good for?

Question 4

What is lateral inhibition?

Question 5

There are two types of cells within the optic nerve: parvocellular (P) cells and magnocellular (M) cells. What are these cells for?

Question 6

What is perceptual constancy?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Searching for something with more than one characteristic.

Question 2

C. The attention on one task diminishes and instead attention is focused on another task.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Cones are sensitive to differences in color and details (sharpness or acuity).

Question 2

The binding problem is about the question of how all kinds of different elements, coming through different systems in different areas of the brain, are integrated to a whole.

Question 3

The optic nerve is not only a 'cable' that enables the transfer of information, the nerve cells that are part of it are also involved in analyzing the visual input.

Question 4

A pattern in which cells that are stimulated inhibit 'neighbor cells'. This pattern causes cells that detect the outside of a surface to react more strongly, which is also called edge enhancement.

Question 5

P cells seem to be specialized in spatial analysis and the detailed analysis of forms. M cells are important for observing movement and depth.

Question 6

Perceptual constancy means that people see the constant properties of an object, even though the sensory information they get, changes (such as changes in light).

How do we recognize objects? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions

Question 1

Recognition by means of a feature analysis is:

1. Comparing an object with all possible representations of all possible shapes and patterns stored in memory.
2. Recognizing something through the most striking characteristics.
3. Recognizing basic building blocks of shapes and patterns that form a combined pattern.
4. Performing a statistical analysis on recognizability.

Question 2

The inability to recognize faces is called:

1. Agnosia
2. Prosopagnosia
3. Associative amnesia
4. Apperceptive amnesia

Question 3

A prime is:

1. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects the following stimuli.
2. A stimulus that is presented last to see if it affects subsequent processes.
3. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects previous processes.
4. A stimulus that is presented last to see if it affects previous processes.

Question 4

Priming happens when:

1. A written word activates the meaning of another word in memory.
2. A written word deactivates the meaning of another word in memory.
3. A written word automatically activates the meaning of that word in memory.
4. A written word automatically deactivates the meaning of that word in memory.

Question 5

Encountering a specific stimulus causes this stimulus to be processed faster later on, this is called:

1. Functional priming
2. Repetition priming
3. Stimulus priming
4. Implicit priming

Open questions

Question 1

Our perception is guided by various simple principles. We all have these principles and that is why we often perceive the world in the same way that others do. What are these principles?

Question 2

What is rehearsal priming?

Question 3

What is distributed knowledge?

Question 4

What does the McClelland and Rumelhart model entail?

Question 5

What does the RBC (recognition by components) model entail?

Question 6

What is a holistic recognition?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Recognizing basic building blocks of shapes and patterns that form a combined pattern.

Question 2

B. Prosopagnosia.

Question 3

A. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects the following stimuli.

Question 4

C. A written word automatically activates the meaning of that word in memory .

Question 5

B. Repetition priming.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

These principles are:

• equality;
• proximity;
• continuation;
• closure and;
• simplicity.

Question 2

When you have seen a (word / object / person) more often and / or recently.

Question 3

The knowledge is spread over the entire network and only becomes visible if you look at the entire network.

Question 4

The McClelland and Rumelhart model states that activation of one detector can lead to the inhibition of another detector. This model also claims that information is sent to and from the brain, as appears to be the case during visual processing.

Question 5

The RBC model contains a level of detectors that are sensitive to geons, which are basic 'building blocks' for all objects that we recognize. Geons are merged into geon assemblies, which then activate the object model. Advantages: recognition based on geons is point of view dependent; most objects can be recognized by using only a few geons.

Question 6

Recognizing something in one go.

What is attention? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions

Question 1

The memory consists of the following process(es):

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 2

Input attention consists of:

1. Arousal
2. Orientation reflexes and attention capture
3. Spotlight attention and visual search
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

Sustained attention is:

1. Sustaining attention for a period in which relatively little happens.
2. Retaining attention on a fixed target.
3. Moving attention.
4. Reducing attention.

Question 4

The cognitive aspect of the spontaneous shift of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical aspects is called:

1. Orienting reflex
2. Attention capture
3. Attention shift
4. Attention movement

Question 5

The analogy that each channel and physical connection through which information is sent / processed has a maximum capacity, is called:

1. Channel analogy
2. Channel capacity
3. Computer analogy
4. Computer capacity

Question 6

According to the standard information processing model (Atkinson and Shriffrin), information stored in the long-term memory follows this path:

1. Sensory memory, coding, main memory, storage and long-term memory
2. Sensory memory, storage, main memory, coding, memory
3. Sensory memory, coding, short term memory, storage and long term memory
4. Sensory memory, storage, short term memory, coding and long term memory

Question 7

Patients with neglect:

1. Have great difficulty moving their attention to the left or right side.
2. Ignore the world on their left or right side.
3. Often have brain damage to one brain hemisphere.
4. All of three above answers are correct.

Open questions

Question 1

Can you decide for yourself what to pay attention to?

Question 2

What is a dichotic listening task and what is the purpose of this task?

Question 3

What is unintentional blindness?

Question 4

What is the difference between early and late selection?

Question 5

Which two types of priming do you have and what do these types mean?

Question 6

What is visible in patients with unilateral neglect syndrome?

Question 7

Why does the executive control of the brain help to perform multiple tasks?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Retrieval .

Question 2

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

A. Sustaining attention for a period in which relatively little happens.

Question 4

B. Attention capture

Question 5

B. Channel capacity

Question 6

C. Sensory memory, coding, short term memory, storage and long term memory.

Question 7

D. All of three above answers are correct.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Yes you can, but you can not (consciously) decide what your eyes are looking at. This confuses many people.

Question2

You will receive different input for this task (headphones). Participants must pay attention to one of these input sources (attended channel) and not to the other (unattended channel). Sometimes a cocktail party effect occurs.

Question 3

Because you do not expect something, you sometimes do not see it (see YouTube videos for examples).

Question 4

During early selection, certain input is identified and biased from the start, so that other input is hardly analyzed. In the case of late selection, all inputs are analyzed relatively completely and then the selection is made.

Question 5

Two types of priming:

1. Stimulus-based priming: depends on which stimulus you have encountered before. You have no control over this.
2. Expectancy-based priming: you have control and your perception depends on your expectations.

Question 6

They seem to ignore input from one half of the body (and therefore see only half, literally).

Question 7

This mechanism ensures goal-setting and priorities and directs the function of many cognitive processes.

What is memory? - ExamTests 6

MC-questions

Question 1

Factor(s) that determine the availability of information in the memory are:

1. General knowledge
2. Familiarity bias
3. Strikingness
4. All of three above answers are correct.

Question 2

The recency effect is about that, when listing ideas:

1. The first named idea is best remembered.
2. The last named idea is best is remembered.
3. The middle named idea is best remembered.
4. All of the answers above are correct.

Question 3

A better memory of the last items in a test when it comes to auditory stimuli instead of visual stimuli is called:

1. The auditory effect
2. The modality effect
3. The visual effect
4. The partial effect

Question 4

Merging information into one unit so that more information can be held in short-term memory is called:

1. Supervising
2. Chunking
3. Shrinking
4. Expanding

Open questions

Question 1

What happens during the retrieval phase?

Question 2

What is the iconic memory and what is the echoic memory?

Question 3

According to the modal model, different types of memory are involved in information processing, which are these and what do they entail?

Question 4

If you let a participant read and remember a list of words, the first and last words are often remembered. How is this possible? Which two effects play a role in this?

Question 5

What is the difference between intentional and incidental learning?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. All of three above answers are correct.

Question 2

B. The last named idea is best is remembered.

Question 3

B. The modality effect.

Question 4

B. Chunking.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

You locate the information stored in your memory and you can actively use it, which is also called retrieval.

Question 2

The iconic memory is the memory for visual information and the echoic memory is the memory for auditory information.

Question 3

Types of memory:

• Sensory memory: content is stored in 'raw' sensory forms.
• Short-term memory (or working memory): information is held here while you are working on it.
• Long-term memory: a larger and more permanent storage location where all your knowledge and beliefs are stored.

Question 4

Effects:

• First words: primacy effect; words are still in working memory. However, the primacy effect has a different source: memory rehearsal of the first few items. More time and attention can be paid to these words, which increases the chance that they will be stored in the long-term memory and retrieved from it.
• Last words: recency effect; words are still in working memory. The recency effect is caused by the fact that the items at the end of the list are still in the working memory and therefore easy to retrieve.

Question 5

If you really sit down to read this document, you are intentionally learning (you intend to learn something). If you are doing a fun game and you see how tactically someone is playing and you learn from that, then you learn incidentally.

What is the relationship between acquisition and the retrieval of information? - ExamTests 7

MC-questions

Question 1

The word frequency effect on the response to two existing words on the lexical decision task, shows that:

1. There is more time required for coding low-frequency words compared to high-frequency words.
2. There is more time needed to search for low-frequency words in the long term memory than is needed to search for high-frequency words.
3. There is more time needed for deciding whether a word is a real word when it is a low-frequency word compared to when it is a high-frequency word.
4. There is more time needed to give a motor-response when it is a low-frequency word compared to when it is a high-frequency word.

Question 2

When people talk about existing knowledge or context that influences more basic processes, they talk about:

1. Top-down processing
2. Bottom-up processing
3. Meta processing
4. Basic processing

Question 3

If there is an association of two processes, this means that if one of the two processes is damaged, the other process:

1. Is also disrupted.
2. Does not get disrupted.
3. Takes place more often.
4. Takes place less often.

Question 4

Thanks to encoding specificity, one can retrieve information with the use of:

1. Mnemonics
2. Retrieval cues
3. Prototypes
4. Meta theory

Open questions

Question 1

What is context-dependent learning?

Question 2

What is a retrieval cue?

Question 3

We have two types of knowledge retrieval, which two are these and what do both types mean?benjamin blümchen

Question 4

What is the difference between the explicit and the implicit memory?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. There is more time needed to search for low-frequency words in the long term memory than is needed to search for high-frequency words.

Question 2

A. Top-down processing.

Question 3

A. Is also disrupted.

Question 4

B. Retrieval cues.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The environment in which someone had studied, can influence the recall of material.

Question 2

Hints to remember certain material. Used when testing memory.

Question 3

Recall: information that we have encountered earlier (you have the source; source memory).

Recognition: you get information from your memory through familiarity.

Question 4

With the implicit memory, you use your knowledge unconsciously (when you cycle, you no longer think about how to keep your balance or how to move your legs). With the explicit memory this is not the case, you have to retrieve the knowledge.

How do we remember complex events? - ExamTests 8

MC-questions

Question 1

Taking this practice exam test is a form of:

1. Maintenance rehearsal
2. Elaborative rehearsal
3. Intelligent rehearsal
4. Working rehearsal

Open questions

Question 1

What is a transplantation error?

Question 2

What happens during the misinformation effect?

Question 3

Which three different factors ensure that someone can remember information properly?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Elaborative rehearsal.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

An error in establishing the connection between two events.

Question 2

With the misinformation effect, the memories of participants are influenced by misinformation that they received after an event had occurred. It is easier to plant a realistic event. It is also easier to plant a memory when the participant is instructed to think about the event, instead of only hearing about the event.

Question 3

Three ways:

• Involvement in the event to be remembered; people can better remember material that is related to themselves, which is also called the self-reference effect.
• Emotions; when emotions are involved, something is often easier to remember and people often also pay more attention to an emotional situation. Finally, emotional events often involve repetition.
• Long decay; It seems that certain memories reach a status of permanent storage (permastore).

What are concepts? - ExamTests 9

MC-questions

Question 1

Within connectionism, the adjustments of weights of certain connections is called:

1. Distributed representation
2. Massively parallel processing
3. Local minima
4. Backpropagation

Question 2

Within connectionism, one finds these units:

1. Input units
2. Hidden (internal) units
3. Output units
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

Geons within the Recognition by components (RBC) theory are:

1. Geometric basic figures
2. Geometric drawings
3. Geometric proportions
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

The higher accuracy of reporting items at the end of a list, is called:

1. Free recall
2. Serial recall
3. The primacy effect
4. The recency effect

Question 5

Baddeleys working memory model consists of:

1. A central executive
2. Two auxiliary systems
3. An episodic buffer
4. All of the above answers above are correct.

Question 6

An effect that influences the phonological loop is:

1. The word length-effect
2. The articular suppression effect
3. The phonological similarity effect
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

The working memory capacity is:

1. The same for each person and depends on age.
2. The same for each person and depends on cognitive processes.
3. Different for each person and depends on age.
4. Different for each person and depends on cognitive processes.

Question 8

To what extent items are considered typical members of a category is called:

1. Relatedness
2. Typicality
3. Potentiality
4. Differential

Question 9

The permanent storage of new information from memory in the neural structure is called

1. Interference
2. Encoding
3. Consolidation
4. Reconsolidation

Open questions

Question 1

What is meant by 'concepts'?

Question 2

What does the prototype theory entail?

Question 3

What does exemplar-based reasoning entail?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Backpropagation.

Question 2

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

A. Geometric basic figures.

Question 4

D. The recency effect.

Question 5

D. All of the above answers above are correct.

Question 6

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

D. Different for each person and depends on cognitive processes.

Question 8

B. Typicality

Question 9

C. Consolidation.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Building blocks that make knowledge possible.

Question 2

The prototype theory attempts to characterize a concept by specifying the center of a category. A prototype will generally be an average of various category members that you have encountered.

Question 3

In some cases, categorization takes place on the basis of specific members of a category instead of general information about the entire category (copy-based reasoning).

What is language? - ExamTests 10

MC-questions

Question 1

Language is analyzed at the following levels:

1. Phonological and syntactic
2. Lexical and semantic
3. Conceptual and persuasive
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 2

Whorff's linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

1. The language you speak influences the way you think.
2. The way you think, influences the language you use.
3. Your use of language influences your success in life,
4. All of the above answers are correct,

Question 3

How a sentence is ordered, is called:

1. Syntax
2. Context
3. Semantics
4. Synthesis

Question 4

Two important factors in the cognitive role of syntax are:

1. Planning and perception
2. Response and planning
3. Planning and automatic processing
4. Automatic processing and perception

Question 5

The garden path phenomenon means that:

1. You have taken the wrong path and have to go back when reading a sentence.
2. You are distracted by the environment and you get lost.
3. You read the wrong word through interference.
4. You can not continue to read, because your view is blocked.

Question 6

When someone has problems producing language, they speak of:

1. Wernicke's aphasia
2. Broca's aphasia
3. Conduction aphasia
4. Alexia

Open questions

Question 1

Voicing occurs when the vocal cords are opened and closed quickly. There are different ways in which speech can be produced. Sounds can be described in different ways, what are these?

Question 2

What does categorical perception refer to?

Question 3

What does orthography mean?

Question 4

What does semantic representation mean?

Question 5

What does Whorff's theory of relativity state?

Question 6

What can be said about the vocabulary of bilingual children?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 2

A. The language you speak influences the way you think.

Question 3

A. Syntax.

Question 4

C. Planning and automatic processing

Question 5

A. You have taken the wrong path and have to go back when reading a sentence.

Question 6

B. Broca's aphasia

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Different ways:

• Manner of production: look at the way in which the air flow is interrupted.
• Is the air flow produced by the vocal cords or not?
• Articulation site: where does the air flow stop?

Question 2

It refers to you being better at distinguishing sounds between categories than within categories.

Question 3

Orthography: the sequence of letters with which you can spell a word.

Question 4

Semantic representation: a connection of meaning to a sound.

Question 5

According to Whorff, language is our thoughts, so people who speak a different language have a different way of thinking.

Question 6

In the beginning, bilingual children have a smaller vocabulary, but they quickly make up for this difference.

What is visual imagery? - ExamTests 11

MC-questions

Question 1

Boundary extension is:

1. A partially pictured image is completed by the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
2. An image is rotated in mind.
3. Remembering that one image has shifted further.
4. All of the above answers.

Question 2

Memory strategies:

1. Form a structure from which information can be learned.
2. Through visualizations, rhymes or other associations and by practicing this, a lasting, clear memory trail can be created.
3. Help during retrieval because they provide cues.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Open questions

Question 1

What is visual imagery?

Question 2

What happens during a mental rotation task?

Question 3

Does a large part of humanity have a photographic memory?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. A partially pictured image is completed by the visuo-spatial sketchpad.

Question 2

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Thinking in pictures.

Question 2

During a mental rotation task, participants first try to get the images on the same line and then they judge the similarity of the images.

Question 3

Little is known about photographic memory, but we know it is a rare capacity. This term must therefore be used with caution.

How does judgement and reasoning work? - ExamTests 12

MC-questions

Question 1

Groups of three statements, from which a logical conclusion (the third statement) can be drawn on the basis of the first two statements, are called:

1. Syllables
2. Syllogisms
3. Symbolism
4. Stating

Open questions

Question 1

What does the representativeness heuristic mean?

Question 2

What is the gambler's fallacy?

Question 3

What is the confirmation bias?

Question 4

Emotions also have a lot of influence on decisions, regret is an example of this. Somatic markers are physical sensations and have influence. However, research shows that people are surprisingly bad at predicting their own emotions (which is also called affective forecasting). Which area of ​​the brain is involved in this forecasting?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Syllogisms.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

When you want to assess a probability, you sometimes use a representative instead of it, this is called a representativeness heuristic.

Question 2

The assumption of homogeneity leads us to think that a representative case of a category has the same property as the overall category, while this is not the case.

Question 3

People's tendency to take more account of evidence that supports your beliefs than evidence that goes against your beliefs. If, while you are aware of evidence to the contrary, you persist, we call this preservation error.

Question 4

The orbitofrontal cortex.

What are problem solving strategies and what is intelligence? - ExamTests 13

MC-questions

Question 1

Stereotyping has to do with:

1. Sample size
2. Appearance
3. Character
4. Beliefs

Question 2

Functional rigidity:

1. Is the tendency of people to see objects and concepts as functional.
2. Is the tendency of people to use objects and concepts as they are used normally.
3. Is the tendency of people to stick to certain methods.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

A deep, usable, understanding of something is called:

1. Insight
2. Persuasion
3. Analogy
4. Fixedness

Question 4

When using an analogy, this is important:

1. Similarity between recognize the objects
2. Parallel structure
3. The purpose of the analogy
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The different phases of a problem are called:

1. The operators
2. The sequence
3. The distribution
4. The problem field

Question 6

In a well-defined problem:

1. The initial state is clear and the end state is clear.
2. The initial state is clear and the end state is unclear.
3. The initial state is unclear and the end state is unclear.
4. The initial state is unclear and the end state is unclear.

Open questions

Question 1

What are the four phases of creativity?

Question 2

What is predictive validity (with regard to IQ)?

Question 3

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Question 4

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Beliefs.

Question 2

B. Is the tendency of people to use objects and concepts as they are used normally.

Question 3

A. Insight.

Question 4

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

D. The problem field.

Question 6

A. The initial state is clear and the end state is clear.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Preparation, incubation, illumination (Aha! Moment) and verification. However, not all researchers agree. With this strategy, people often break the problem into sub-problems, each with their own purpose, making it easier to solve the problem.

Question 2

Indicates how good / bad you can predict a performance based on IQ.

Question 3

• Fluid intelligence: dealing with new and unusual problems.

• Crystallized intelligence: skills and knowledge.

Question 4

The average IQ becomes higher over the years, this is called the Flynn effect.

How do conscious and unconscious processes proceed? - ExamTests 14

Open questions

Question 1

What are action slips and how can they be explained?

Question 2

What possible explanation does the author of the book provide for the difference between being awake and sleeping?

Question 3

What is the neural workplace hypothesis?

Question 4

What does someone talk about when he speaks about 'phenomenal consciousness'?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Action slips are moments when someone does something else than what they intended in the first place. For example: brushing your teeth in the bathroom, while you actually intended to get the nailclipper from the bathroom. The cognitive unconsciousness mind ensures efficiency, but for that it has to compromise on flexibility and (executive) control. It is, for example, influenced by habits or by the situation. This may explain why action slips occur, why you do something else than what you intended to do.

Question 2

The neural workplace hypothesis.

Question 3

The neural workplace hypothesis starts with the idea that a lot of processing in the brain is executed by separated, specialised brainmodules. However, when you focus your attention on a particular stimulus, neurons from different modules will connect through the workplace neurones (solving the binding problem). The anterior cingulate cortext is important for detecting the conflict between different metal operations. The neural workplace idea can also explain the difference between being awake and sleeping.

Question 4

About the subjective experience of consciousness.