Philosophy of the mind: what are the thoughts of Descartes, Locke and Leibniz? - Exams 2

Questions

Question 1

Empiricists believe that:

1. Some truths are innate
2. The criterion for truth lies in the intellect
3. Truth is determined by scientific research
4. Knowledge has a sensory origin

Question 2

According to Descartes animals were:

1. Psychologically equal to humans, only of a simpler version
2. So different from people that they were worthless as a scientific subject
3. Mechanical automatons without consciousness
4. Identical to people in the most essential qualities

Question 3

The ideas that changed the life of the young Descartes in Ulm and set in motion his career as a philosopher and scientist, were mainly about:

1. Emotions
2. The reflex
3. A method for gaining knowledge
4. The dualism between body and mind

Question 4

Look at the following statements:

I. According to Locke, secondary qualities are less certain and more important than primary qualities

II. Primary qualities are for example firmness and extension, secondary qualities are, for example, sounds and colors

1. I is incorrect, II is correct
2. I is correct, II is incorrect
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 5

When Descartes realized that he should doubt everything, except for his own existance , he got a direct assurance of:

1. The existence of the material world
2. The reality of his rational mind
3. The immortality of the soul
4. The reliability of his senses

Question 6

Which label or stream would be suitable for Descartes?

1. Nativist
2. Rationalist
3. Dualist
4. A, B and C

Question 7

According to Descartes, where did the most important interaction between body and mind occur?

1. Divided over the body
2. In the pineal gland
3. Divided over the brain
4. Nowhere, since the two can not interact in space

Question 8

Locke suggested .... as a metaphor for the human brain at birth.

1. A white sheet of paper that has not been written on
2. A tabula rasa or blank slate
3. A veined marble slab
4. Both A and B

Question 9

Locke's original intention of writing his 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' was to discover what exactly?

1. How to evaluate different religious doctrines
2. Every philosophical system was best supported by the new scientific research
3. Which administrative system would produce the greatest general prosperity
4. What child of correct knowledge the human brain could not acquire

Question 10

Which view of Descartes was responsible for the fact that it became the object of psychology?

1. His dualism
2. His idea that the body is a machine
3. His idea about the role of the pineal gland
4. His vitalism

Question 11

The speed of light was, according to the theory of Decartes:

1. Equal to the speed of the earth around the sun
2. Equal to the speed of sound
3. Infinite
4. Finite but immeasurable

Question 12

What does Descartes consider the criterion of (or the key to) the truth?

1. God's Truth
2. Everything we see clearly and clearly
3. "I think, therefore I am"
4. Congenital ideas

Question 13

How did Descartes define the soul / spirit? What did this definition mean for psychology for a long time?

Question 14

How do we, according to Descartes, come into the possesion of indescribable knowledge?

Question 15

Discuss the concept of individualism plays a role in the views of Descartes and Hobbes.

Question 16

Explain the difference between the rationalist philosophy / psychology or Descartes and the empiric psychology of Locke. Also explain the connection with the nature-nurture discussion.

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

C

Question 3

C

Question 4

C

Question 5

B

Question 6

D

Question 7

B

Question 8

B

Question 9

D

Question 10

a

Question 11

C

Question 12

B

Question 13

• Thinking substance. This takes up no space, the "soul" or the "spirit" because it has no physical mass . This is where thinking comes from: doubting, understanding, confirming, denying, wanting, refusing, and kind of like activities. Also called: 'free will'.
• Substance that takes up space. The body: res extensa. The characteristics of the body are measurable and calculable according to Descartes. (see Harvey's discovery of the circulatory system). Not only reflexes such as the 'knee reflex', 'digestion', 'breathing', 'yawning', but also 'perceiving', 'memory', 'feelings', 'drifting'.
• Descartes is a dualist. According to him there is one: According to Descartes, man is more than just a machine! After all, man is not merely a machine (with causal connections, and laws, determined by cause and effect), but also consists of a substance that does not work according to the laws of a mechanism! So man has a free will! (This idea of individual freedom also fitted seamlessly into a market society where the 'individual' started to play an ever greater role.) Man is thus an autonomous individual, who finds the basis of his moral action in himself. What did this mean for psychology? This definition has a long time clearly defined what the research was object of psychology. The issues that were based on the functioning of the res extensa or 'machine' in man were the research object of medicine. The things that were allowed to write to the psyche (res cogitans) were the research object of psycholgy. Also, with the dualism of Descartes ('there are two substances') the mind-body problem has arisen, which is still a problem in psychology.

Question 14

Descartes as a rationalist, according to him, can gain undoubted knowledge with our minds. As in mathematics, he reasons from axioms. That is why there are two groups of indisputable knowledge:

• congenital unquestionable knowledge (compare with the axioms of mathematics)
• reasoned undoubted knowledge (ie the propositions reasoning from the axioms according to the deductive method)

But how does he arrive at that congenital unquestionable knowledge? How does he know that his axioms are 'true'? To this end, he did the famous doubt experiment. Descartes threw everything he doubted overboard. He tried to convince the skeptics. Skeptics think that unquestionable knowledge does not exist. Against empiricism they are imply that the world is changing every day so that are not a solid foundation for knowledge. They question the axioms against rationalism: they are not provable. Descartes thought that unquestionable knowledge was what he was absolutely certain. During the doubt experiment, Descartes was certain of a thing: the fact that he was doubting. And because he had doubts he had to exist, he reasoned: 'cogito ergo sum'. Later he also added other 'certainties', for example' the existence of God ',' the reliability of mathematics' and 'what we see is real '.

Question 15

According to Hobbes, people act on what they give 'pleasure'. That is therefore very individualistic. Too individualistic, according to Hobbes. In the natural state are therefore wolves for each other. The solution is the social contract that must be under the supervision of an absolute monarch. According to Descartes, man is an individual, because he is autonomous in his thinking. 'Cogito ergo sum', I think, so I am. Man is also responsible for gaining knowledge.

Question 16

Descartes believed that by using your mind you could come to indisputable knowledge. This undoubted knowledge is partly derived from innate knowledge and partly from deductively reasoned knowledge. He designed the doubt experiment to prove the undoubted knowledge. Because he believes in innate knowledge, Descartes is on the nature side of the nature-nurture discussion. Locke did not believe in innate knowledge. If there are generally accepted principles, logical laws, why not think about it, he thought. According to Locke, knowledge comes from experience. He is therefore on the nurture side of the debate.

Physiologists of the mind: which important scientists are investigating the brain in the period between Gall and Penfield? - Exams 3

Questions

Question 1

Karl Lashley tried to test the hypothesis of memory localization. He did this by cutting away pieces of the brain and examining the effects of:

1. Rats that had been learned by walking a maze
2. Birds
3. People suffering from incurable diseases
4. Both a, b and c

Question 2

Fritsch and Hitzig devoted a new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. What functional area did they discover?

1. The motor projection area
2. The auditory area
3. The motor memory
4. The visual area

Question 3

Which of the following contributors did Franz Gall deliver?

1. He founded the science of phrenology
2. He gave good arguments for the brain as an organ of the mind
3. He made several important neuro-anatomical discoveries
4. Both a, b and c

Question 4

With what tactics did Flourens refute phrenology?

1. Restoring man after brain operations
2. Electrical stimulation or parts of the animal brain
3. Surgical removal of parts of the brain of animals
4. Observing people with brain damage

Question 5

Lasley's principle that execution or complex functions is impaired depending on the amount of brain injury, is known as:

1. Law of mass action
2. Lashley's law
3. Principle of equitentiality
4. Principle of conslancy

Question 6

The history of psychology that describes phrenology as a form of neuroscience is:

1. Historical
2. Epistemological
3. Constructivist
4. Non-existent

Question 7

Flourens discovered through his research that .... was responsible for the coordination of voluntary

movements

1. The cortex
2. The cerebellum
3. The neocortex
4. The basal ganglia

Question 8

Wernicke's aphasia involves:

1. Having difficulty with speech production
2. Having difficulty understanding language
3. A and b are both correct
4. A and b are both incorrect

Question 9

The Phrenology can be regarded as the precursor to various later developments in psychology. Which development was not important to the starting of the phrenology?

1. Localization of psychic functions in the brain
2. Differential (personality) psychology
3. Psychological testing and diagnostics
4. The increasing use of introspection

Question 10

Gall's phrenological theory had a wrong assumption. Which?

1. Specific psychological functions can be localized in specific parts of the brain.
2. The language function is located near the front of the cortex.
3. The shape of the skull is an accurate representation of the shape of the underlying brain.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 11

Show that the brain physiology of Flourens still clearly shows characteristics of Cartesian dualism.

Answer indication

Question 1

A

Question 2

A

Question 3

A

Question 4

C

Question 5

A

Question 6

D

Question 7

B

Question 8

B

Question 9

D

Question 10

C

Question 11

Flourens removed pieces of brains from his experimental animals and observed what consequences this had for their behaviors. With his experiments he came to the following conclusions:

• The cerebrum (the big brain) exercises the higher consciousness functions or wanting, judging, remembering and perception. Here lies the consciousness and the free will.
• The cerebellum coordinates movement. The medulla oblongata is essential for important life functions such as breathing.

The sensing and perceptive mind: what developments took place in this area in the period between Kant and the Gestalt psychologists? - Exams 4

Questions

Question 1

The law of Fechner formulates a relationship between these two things:

1. Stimulus and physical intensity
2. Stimulus and perception
3. Stimulus and stimulus
4. Stimulus and sensation

Question 2

With 'nightansight', Fechner meant that:

1. The universe is inspired
2. The human spirit is fundamentally unknowable
3. Souled matter obeying other laws than dead matter
4. The universe consists only of moving matter

Question 3

An important consequence of accepting the mechanistic teachings by Helmholtz and his students was:

1. That they lost their superiors such as Müller, and were repudiated to an opposition role.
2. They were encouraged to solve problems that had seemed unsolvable, such as analyzing and measuring the nerve impulse.
3. That they eventually carried out the ultimate experiment with which vitalism was completely shut down.
4. Both a, b and c are correct.

Question 4

An important hypothetical process in Helmholtz's theory of underlying perceptual phenomena such as depth perception was:

1. Inductive reasoning
2. Unconscious inference
3. Practical intuition
4. Unconscious rationalization

Question 5

Helmholtz's experiment with the frog nerve indicated that the speed of a nerve impulse was:

1. Finite but too fast to measure with the tools of the time
2. Slow enough to suggest that the reaction time in large animals lasted two or more seconds
3. Was infinite
4. Was the same as that of electric current in a wire

Question 6

The Law of Fechner holds in that an increase in physical intensity or a stimulus caused .... In the psychological intensity of sensation .

1. Smaller increase
2. Just as big increase
3. Decline
4. Larger increase

Question 7

With Tagesansicht referred to Fechner that:

1. Only the material universe can be known
2. Science must take a materialistic view
3. The entire universe is inspired
4. Mechanical laws will also be able to explain psychological processes

Question 8

According to Helmholtz patches of colored light in the landscape are... .., and trees, grass and air ...

1. Perception / sensation
2. Primary colors / perception
3. Unconscious inference / conscious
4. Sensation / perception

Question 9

The law of Fechner is about the relationship between

1. Physical and physiological stimuli
2. Different sensory
3. Perception and apperception
4. Intensities Intensity of the physical stimulus and intensity of the sensation

Question 10

That all living beings are infused with ultimate NON-analysable life energy is the theorem of:

1. Vitalism
2. Mechanism
3. Transcendental idealism
4. Preservation of energy

Question 11

A concept that by David Hume's skeptic philosophy disputed, and which Immanuel Kant tried to save in his philosophical reformulation, was:

1. Analytical geometry
2. Specific nerve energies
3. Causality
4. The soul

Question 12

What concept of physics did Kohler try to integrate Gestalt psychology with?

1. Newtonian attraction and repulsion
2. The Phi phenomenon
3. The force field
4. The uncertainty principle

Question 13

Helmholtz's attempt to measure the velocity of the nerve impulses in human subjects ...

1. gave consistent results almost identical to the results for the frog nerve
2. showed that the speed was too high to be able to measure in people
3. helped to introduce the "reaction time method" in psychology
4. Both A and B

Question 14

According to Gestalt psychologists, our perceptual processes tend to:

1. Organize complex accumulations or stimuli in comparable groups
2. The perceptual field to be divided into the figure and ground
3. Organizing the visual field in units
4. All the above answers are correct

Question 15

Kant incorporates realistic, idealistic, empirical and rationalistic ideas into his knowledge doctrine. Indicate how.

Question 16

Explain why Muller's teachings of the specific nerve qualities are similar to Kant's theory of knowledge. In what way do they differ?

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

D

Question 3

B

Question 4

B

Question 5

B

Question 6

D

Question 7

C

Question 8

D

Question 9

D

Question 10

A

Question 11

C

Question 12

C

Question 13

C

Question 14

D

Question 15

Realism: The reality is according to Kant, the cause of the sensations received by the senses.

Empiricism: According to Kant, sensory data is the basis for knowledge.

Rationalism: These sensory data are processed by a-priori schemes (space / time and categories).

Without these schemas we would not be able to understand the world and thus form a necessary step in the formation of knowledge.

Idealism: The frameworks (space / time) and categories create two realities:

• The 'real' reality, Kant calls this 'thing an sich',
• and reality as we experience it, reality transformed by the frameworks and categories.

Question 16

Muller states firstly that we do not do objects and events in the outside world directly, but that we are dependent on what our nerves offer us. Our nerves therefore mediate between the objects and the consciousness, and we depend on their capacity. Secondly, the same stimulus that occurs to different senses, which results in the perception belonging to different senses: a sun beam can, for example, lead to the perception of heat (skin) and of light (eyes). Then it is also true that it does not matters for the observing of a stimulus whether it comes from inside or outside. This makes it impossible to know the 'real' objective reality. In Kant's philosophy we also see two different realities: The 'real' reality, Kant calls this 'thing an sich', andthe reality as we experience it: reality transformed by the frameworks (space / time) and categories.

How did Wundt develop experimental psychology? - Exams 5

Questions

Question 1

For which psychological specialism has the relevance of Wundt's theories been recently recognized?

1. Dimensional studies of feeling, emotions and attitude
2. Language psychology
3. Theories on schizophrenia
4. Both a, b and c

Question 2

The interospective techniques of Wundt asked for:

1. A memory of many events from childhood
2. A sensitivity and interest of the subjects in their own emotional life
3. A deep analysis of precisely defined mental states by accurately trained test subjects
4. Both b and c

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt is known as the founding father of modern psychology. His work ...

1. Involved mainly in intelligence
2. measurements came from the practical psychology of Herbart and Fechner
3. Was very practically focused
4. None of three

Question 4

What was one of the most important topics in Wundt's Völker psychology?

1. The tri-dimensional theory of feeling
2. Mental chronometry
3. Language
4. Both a, b and c

Question 5

When considering the expected stimulus instead of the required stimuli according to Wundt, it was called:

1. Sensation
2. Antiception
3. Apperception
4. Perception

Question 6

The psychology of Wundt:

1. Comes from the practicalof Fechner
2. psychology affects applied psychology
3. Is practically oriented
4. None of these answers is correct

Question 7

In Wundt's schemata, what are the four basic dimensions of sensations?

1. Mode, quality, intensity, duration
2. Height, width, depth, time
3. Size, clarity, interest, direction
4. Activity, tension, pleasantness, frequency

Question 8

What did the Volker psychology of Wundt mean?

Question 9

Why did Ebbinghaus use meaningless syllables in his memory experiments?

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

C

Question 3

D

Question 4

C

Question 5

C

Question 6

D

Question 7

A

Question 8

Wundt thought that higher mental processes such as language and thinking were not susceptible to experimental research, even with his objectified introspection. This was because these processes develop in a social process and belong to a certain culture. Therefore they can only be studied on the basis of products of that culture. In the production of a culture you can think of things like language and jurisprudence.

Question 9

Ebbinghaus wanted to investigate the capacity of the memory. By using meaningless syllables he avoided associations that could facilitate the learning process. If he had used meaningful, existing associations, he could not say anything about learning new material, and existing associations differ per person.

What is the impact of Darwin's ideas on psychological concepts? - Exams 6

Questions

Question 1

The theory of evolution through natural selection from Charles Darwin's Origin of Species presupposes the existence of:

1. Hereditary small individual differences
2. A number of fixed groups or species
3. Hereditary psychological characteristics in humans
4. All the above answers are correct

Question 2

The idea that political systems and societies evolve and 'advance' through unbridled competition and "the survival of the fittest" is often called ....

1. Comparative psychology
2. Evolutionary psychology
3. Sociobiology
4. Social Darwinism

Answer indication

Question 1

A

Question 2

D

Measuring the mind: what are Galton's thoughts about individual differences? - Exams 7

Questions

Question 1

The expression 'nature and nurture' was also popularized by:

1. Darwin in the 'Origin of Species'
2. The Candolle in History of the Sciences and Scientists on Two Centuries
3. Pearson in 'The Grammar of Science'
4. Galton in 'English Man of Science

Question 2

An important weakness of Galton's intelligence tests in his anthropometric laboratory of 1884 was:

1. The statistical method by which he analyzed his results
2. The underlying assumption of a correlation between sensory acuity and intelligence
3. The small number of test subjects on which they were tested
4. The unreliability of his measuring instruments

Question 3

The main goal Galton had in mind when he developed his intelligence test was:

1. Proving that they were smarter than women
2. Show that psychology can be a quantitative science
3. Selecting the most suitable youngsters for eugenic procreation
4. Helping children move on to the appropriate sc hool type

Question 4

In Galton's studies of mental images, he was surprised by reports from scientists who seemed to point to:

1. A very weak visual capacity
2. An extremely lively visual power
3. A separate visual power for visualizing numbers
4. An equal visual capacity of children

Question 5

When Galton studied his own associations, he discovered that:

1. Little was repeated.
2. Many associations went back to his youth.
3. Most of them were determined by the moment.
4. They flowed and could be easily recorded.

Question 6

The eugenics had an important influence on:

1. The opinion and attitude research
2. The intelligence
3. The psychoanalysis
4. The psychotechnic psychology

Question 7

The science of improving stock, which takes recognition of all influences that tend to improve the best characteristics and makes the chance of them occuring higher than they otherwise would have, is a definition of:

1. Evolution by natural selection
2. The eugenics
3. Social Darwinism
4. Evolution by artificial selection

Question 8

Galton did a test for the measurement of intelligence in his anthropometric laboratory in 1884. He did this on the basis of:

1. Response
2. Vocabulary
3. Math
4. A, B and C

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

B

Question 3

C

Question 4

A

Question 5

B

Question 6

B

Question 7

B

Question 8

A

American pioneers: what are the thoughts of James, Hall, Calkins and Thorndike? - Exams 8

Questions

Question 1

According to James, things could be seen as 'truth' when:

1. It was proven that it was useful to believe in them
2. He had seen or experienced these things themselves
3. They were proven with experiments
4. There was no doubt about it

Question 2

The philosophical what James belonged to was:

1. Pragmatism
2. Radical skepticism
3. Creative evolutionism
4. Logical positivism

Question 3

According to James, the best metaphor for conscious thinking is:

1. Flow
2. Floating bird
3. Network of associations
4. Chemical composition

Question 4

William James' most important contribution to psychology was probably:

1. His experiments with regard to consciousness
2. A contagious enthusiasm and a vision that made psychology interesting and attractive
3. His theory of language and society
4. Both a and b

Question 5

In the introduction to Social History of Psychology, two forms of historiography are distinguished: the ancient history of psychology, and the new history of psychology. Characteristic of the 'new' history is:

1. A critical attitude towards the self-image of current psychology.
2. Focus on the role of individual psychologists.
3. Emphasis on the role of theories in the history of psychology.
4. Both a, b and c are correct.

Question 6

The Educational Psychology of the American psychologist Thorndike ....

1. Had a lot of influence on testing and measuring in education
2. Had great influence on the ideas of Maria Montessori
3. Focused on the interests of the child
4. Was based on psychoanalysis

Question 7

The Child Study Movement ...

1. Was led by Granville Stanley Hall and made great use of 'one way screens' to observe the behavior of children
2. Was led by Granville Stanley Hall and made use of questionnaires
3. Was led by Arnold Gesell and made use of 'one way screens' to observe the behavior of children
4. Was led by Arnold Gesell and frequently used questionnaires

Question 8

An American school of Psychology that inspired James and emphasized individual differences and the intention of behavior was:

1. Volunteerism
2. Functionalism
3. Structuralism
4. Action

Question 9

James's book 'The principles of psychology' has chapters on all the following topics, except:

1. Will
2. The Unconscious
3. Custom
4. Emotion

Question 10

Compare the learning theory of the Gestalt psychologist Kohler and the animal psychologist Thorndike.

Question 11

You can say that functionalism occupies a nuanced position between extreme consciousness psychology and extreme behavioral psychology. Please argue this statement / indication

Answer indication

Question 1

A

Question 2

A

Question 3

A

Question 4

A

Question 5

A

Question 6

A

Question 7

B

Question 8

B

Question 9

B

Question 10

Central to Köhler's learning theory is the concept of "insight" (the more or less sudden reorganization). of the entire perceptual field); this is a central mental process. In Thorndike's theory of learning, it involves initial "trial and error" behavior that results in a peripheral connection between an S and an R, reinforced by the reward (Law of Effect).

Question 11

Functionalism emphasizes the coherence between the psychic and the physical, none of the two more important, it is about how they relate to each other.

Psychology as behavioral science: how is this area influenced by Pavlov, Watson and Skinner? - Exams 9

Questions

Question 1

According to John B Watson, a good behavioral psychology should:

1. Prediction and control or behavior should not have
2. To make a qualitative distinction between behavior of humans or animals
3. Eliminate all subjective research methods
4. Both a, b and c

Question 2

The most important goal in carrying out the 'Little Albert experiment' was for Watson:

1. Proving that he could produce a conditioned emotional anxiety response
2. Show that behaviouristic methods could be used in humans as well as animals
3. Show that people are not as good conditionable as animals.
4. Show the instictive fears of a child

Question 3

An important application of operant conditioning in educational problems is the development of:

1. modern mathematics
2. progressive education
3. courses to read faster
4. programmed instruction

Question 4

The Utopian novel 'Walden Two' by Skinner describes a society:

1. Where the behavior of citizens is controlled by positive reinforcement
2. Where the behavior of the citizens is fully determined by positive reinforcement
3. Where the behavior of citizens is completely controlled by a sensitive use of positive and negative reinforcement.
4. Ruled with the principles of classical liberal politics

Question 5

A cumulative registration starts quite steeply and then smooths down, with here and there another peak due to a response characteristic of:

1. Extinguishing
2. Fixed-ratification ratification
3. Partial ratification
4. Fixed-internal reinforcement

Question 6

Watson writes in his book 'Behavior' that images and thoughts:

1. Can be studied with improved methods of introspection
2. Rather must be studied in a historical and ethnographic manner in a scientific way
3. Unobservable processes, which have no place in scientific psychology
4. Can be studied and interpreted as a muscle and gland response or low level

Question 7

Watson found Pavlov's controlled reflex concept usable for his own concept because:

1. It explained a lot about the nature of the brain.
2. It showed the value of accurate measurements in psychological experiments.
3. It was applicable to many other areas of life besides the saliva reflex
4. Both a, b and c

Question 8

Which of the following statements is / are true?

1. Watson's pedagogical ideas emphasize the importance of a rational approach to children.
2. Rousseau's pedagogical ideas emphasize the importance of a rational approach to children
3. Neither are right
4. Both are correct

Question 9

In what way did Pavlov and his employees produce "experimental neurosis" in dogs?

1. Feeding them with irregular time intervals
2. The use of electric shocks as unconditioned stimuli Force
3. Them to confront with differentiation situations they could not solve
4. Them forced to confront with differentiation

Question 10

Which idea was taken over by Pavlov?

1. Flourens are a concept of harmonious action community that integrates in different parts of the brain
2. Descartes his conceptual separation of body and mind
3. Sechenov's argument that learned behavior occurs when corital reflexes are imposed on lower innate reflexes
4. All the above answers are correct

Question 11

What changes in operant condition? To what extent this is an addition to the classic conditioning?

Question 12

What changes in classical conditioning: the stimulus or the response; and what is the unconditioned reflex? Compare this with the nineteenth-century definition (Marshal Hall) or reflex.

Question 13

Show that Watson's behaviorism continues the tradition of empiricism and positivism.

Question 14

In what sense does James' emotion theory differ from Watson's?

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

A

Question 3

D

Question 4

B

Question 5

A

Question 6

A

Question 7

C

Question 8

A

Question 9

D

Question 10

C

Question 11

In operant conditioning (Skinner) the response changes; new behavior is therefore learned which complements the classic conditioning where only the S changes.

Question 12

What changes is the stimulus, the response remains the same. Conditioning is therefore stimulus substitution: a change in the environment, responsible for the occurrence of the R (conditio = condition, conditioning is therefore checking the conditions under which the behavior occurs). In Marshall Hall's definition of reflex, it was only an unchangeable, unconditioned reflex (a definite S together with a definite R).

Question 13

Empiricism in Watson's behaviorism: the environment (the world) takes care of it through the senses behaviour; admittedly it is no longer about thoughts and ideas (as in empiricism) from eg Locke), but behavior due to environmental factors (S> R). Watson's positivism it appears from his banishment of "unobservables": all mental terms are either meaningless, either must be operationalized: translated into observation terms or statements. With fear is nothing but fear behavior.

Question 14

With James there is still a feeling, a mental processing, of physiological or physical factors in an environment (O> G> M). With Watson it is only about behavior as a result of environmental factors (O> G).

Social psychology: how did this psychology develop? The period after Mesmer? - Exams 10

Questions

Question 1

In his research into hypnosis Binet toys with:

1. The danger of suggestion
2. The effect of regression on the average
3. The reduced perception threshold for auditory stimuli
4. The healing effect of post-hypnotic suggestions

Question 2

Systematically observing, influencing and controlling the behavior of individuals and groups is a description of:

1. The psychology of Wundt
2. Social management
3. Psychological management
4. Eugenetica

Question 3

In the 19th century, not only the scope of social management became ever greater, but it was social management also changed in nature. Typical was:

1. That the emphasis shifted from care to control
2. That the individual became less important
3. That it became more and more scientific
4. That it became less and less a government task

Answer indication

Question 1

A

Question 2

B

Question 3

C

The mind in conflict: what does Freud's psychoanalysis mean? - Exams 11

Questions

Question 1

Freud's self-analysis was especially important to him for the importance of .... to learn to appreciate.

1. Abstraction
2. Transfer
3. The Oedipus complex
4. Both b and c

Question 2

When a man at work criticizes his director, and then at home is angrily shouting at his wife and the cat, this is known as:

1. Agitate
2. Relocation
3. Projection
4. Denial

Question 3

In Freud's model of the psyche it is the .... that must resolve conflicts.

1. Id
2. Superego
3. Ego
4. Unconscious

Question 4

Psychoanalysis played an important role in the history of, among other things, ..

1. The Mental Hygiene Movement and the Child Guidance Clinics
2. The attitude research of Gordon and Allport
3. Neither
4. A and b

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the secondary process according to Freud?

1. It is unconscious and uses displacement
2. It is accessible to consciousness, and continues from concrete to abstract
3. It is unconscious, and continues from abstract to concrete
4. It is accessible to consciousness, and determines determined condensation

Question 6

Psychoanalysis plays a major role in the history of:

1. Mental Hygiene Movement
2. Attitude study Gordon and Allport
3. Both are correct
4. Both are incorrect

Question 7

Which statement about Freud is correct?

1. According to him there are no normal and abnormal people
2. He is against the experimental psychology of Wundt
3. According to him, there is a dysfunction for a certain part of the body
4. He provided psychologization of psychiatry

Question 8

The case of Dora:

1. Was, according to Freud, also a failure
2. Helped Freud to develop the technique of free association
3. Learned the importance of transfer to Freud
4. Was one of the first successes of Freud

Answer indication

Question 1

C

Question 2

B

Question 3

C

Question 4

A

Question 5

B

Question 6

A

Question 7

B

Question 8

C

Personality psychology: what are the thoughts of Allport and Maslow? - Exams 12

Questions

Question 1

The group-wise taking of intelligence tests was done for the first time ...

1. By Alfred Binet
2. In the first world war
3. In the Second World War
4. By James McKeen Cattell

Question 2

Which statement (s) is / are true?

1. According to Allport, you could not qualify attitudes
2. Attitudes are characteristics of individuals according to Allport
3. Neither
4. A and B

Answer indication

Question 1

B

Question 2

B

The developed spirit: how have Binet and Piaget contributed to the study of intelligence? - Exams 13

Questions

Question 1

The discovery of various motor and sensory areas in the brain between 1870 and 1880 proved that:

1. Many phrenological locations were very precise
2. There was a greater location of functions than Flourens believed, but of a different kind than that of the frenologists
3. It was useless to expect to learn something from studies involving pieces of brain be cut away
4. The brain works as a unit, as Flourens theory of 'action commune' claimed.

Question 2

Alfred Binet's intelligence test was intended for ...

1. Identifying gifted individuals
2. Testing company managers
3. Testing of recruits
4. Identifying the mentally ill (feebie-minded)

Question 3

According to Binet, intelligence is a ... .. property

1. Hereditary
2. Changeable
3. Neurologically measurable
4. Self-employed

Question 4

Flourens's view of the brain emphasized:

1. Cooperative action commune between the different brain parts
2. Specific actions propres in large subdivisions of the brain
3. The localization of sensory functions in specific parts of the brain
4. Both A and B

Answer indication

Question 1

B

Question 2

D

Question 3

B

Question 4

D

What does cognitive psychology entail? - Exams 14

Questions

Question 1

According to James' Principles of Psychology ':' .... Is the enormous fly-wheel of society, which saves the children of fortune from the uprising of the poor, and dooms us all to fight out of the battle of life on the lines of our nurture of our early choice. ' What should be on the dots?

1. Emotion
2. Instinct
3. Personal character
4. Habit

Question 2

The 'Turing test' is

1. A psychophysical experiment
2. A personality test that is named after Turing
3. A test to investigate whether computers have been programmed correctly
4. A criterion for attributing intelligence to computers

Question 3

Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by:

1. His belief that computer processes would eventually be able to reproduce most human cognitive processes
2. His fascination with the Turing test
3. An event in his childhood that forced him into the accuracy of his own memory doubt
4. All the above answers are correct

Answer indication

Question 1

D

Question 2

D

Question 3

C