What is health? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions

Question 1

According to the World Health Organisation (2002), which of the following is not in the top five killer diseases?

1. Heart disease

2. Cirrhosis of the liver

3. Lung cancer

4. HIV infection

Question 2

A key element of the biomedical model of illness is that:

1. There is a direct causal relationship between illness, its symptoms or underlying pathology.

2. There is a pathogenic process in all diseases.

3. Removal of pathogens will lead to restored health.

4. All of the above.

Question 3

According to Peto and Lopez (1990), what percentage of deaths due to cancer may be attributable, in part, to our behaviour?

1. 18 percent

2. 50 percent

3. 75 percent

4. 45 percent

Question 4

According to Katbamna, Bhakta & Parker (2000), Hindus and Sikhs frequently consider disability to be:

1. An accident of God

2. Punishment for sins an individual has committed in their past life

3. Punishment for past sins within the family

4. A result of genetic factors

Question 5

Bowling and Iliffe (2006) describe 5 'models' of successful ageing. Which one is not one of their models?

1. Broader biochemical model

2. They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe

3. Psychological resources model

4. Social functioning model

Question 6

Blaxter (1990) found that whilst people thought of health in different ways, ______ of those surveyed could not think of anyone that they would consider as being 'very healthy'.

1. 45%

2. 5%

3. 30%

4. 15%

Question 7

The root word from which the word 'health' is derived is:

1. Wholeness

2. Heal

3. Happiness

4. Holistic

Question 8

The biopsychosocial model of health:

1. Parallels the medical model

2. Denies the role of physical causes of illness

3. Broadens the medical model

4. Challenges the medical model

Question 9

Why may Bauman's taxonomy of health be inaccurate?

1. The sample she used only included young adults.

2. The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness.

3. The sample she used was very small.

4. All of the above.

Question 10

According to Hippocrates, the 'humours' impacted on health status in what way?

1. They were linked to personality.

2. They were affected by seasonal change.

3. They were affected by dietary factors.

4. All of the above.

Question 11

Marks (2002) suggested that four approaches to health psychology are developing in parallel. Which of the following is not one of these approaches?

1. Interventionist health psychology

2. Community health psychology

3. Public health psychology

4. Clinical health psychology

Question 12

According to Bibace and Walsh (1980), which of the following is not a characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage?

1. Internalisation

2. Contagion

3. Contamination

4. They are all characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage

Question 13

Chinese adults view health as a balance between:

1. Ying and Yang

2. Ying and Yan

3. Yin and Yan

4. Yin and Yang

Question 14

There has been a marked increase in life expectancy. However, the 'top ten' causes of mortality in the industrialized world now includes many diseases that:

1. have no vaccination programmes

2. have a behavioural component

3. are attributable to poor living conditions

4. are infectious

Question 15

Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to cross-cultural perspectives on health?

1. Western culture is individualistic.

2. Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'.

3. A holistic view of health is more prevalent in non-westernised cultures.

4. Culture impacts on lay theories, attitudes, and behaviour in regard to health.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Cirrhosis of the liver

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

C. 75 percent

Question 4

C. Punishment for past sins within the family

Question 5

B. They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe

Question 6

D. 5%

Question 7

A. Wholeness

Question 8

C. Broadens the medical model

Question 9

B. The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

A. Interventionist health psychology

Question 12

B. Contagion

Question 13

D. Yin and Yang

Question 14

B. Have a behavioural component

Question 15

B. Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'

How do cultural and social backgrounds influence health? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions

Question 1

According to research reported by Ferrie et al. (2001), unemployment impacts on health as a result of:

1. Boredom leading to poor health behaviours

2. Lowered self-esteem

3. The stress associated with financial insecurity

4. All of the above

Question 2

What is the relative risk of a woman dying prematurely of coronary heart disease in comparison to a man in the USA?

1. They have the same risk

2. A quarter

3. About half

4. Nearly double

Question 3

According to Forwell (1993), as the gap between the rich and poor increases, the overall health of the population:

1. Deteriorates

2. Improves as a result of improved health in the middle classes

3. Is unchanged

4. None of the above

Question 4

According to research by Scheffler et al. (2008), the influence of social capital on risk for an acute coronary event is limited to:

1. Middle class individuals

2. People who have no social support

3. People who live in low income areas

4. People who do not engage in unhealthy behaviours

Question 5

Which of the following is not included in Karasek and Theorell's (1990) model of job strain?

1. Demands

2. Job autonomy

3. Social support

4. Effort-rewards imbalance

Question 6

According to Wood et al. (2010), which of the following did not form a significant factor in their choice of family food?

1. The cost

2. Its healthiness

3. Whether it was 'filling'

4. All of the above

Question 7

According to the Scottish Executive (1999), the percentage of people receiving surgical treatment (coronary artery bypass grafts) in different social groups were

1. Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require

2. Higher among men but not women in the higher social groups

3. Higher among people from the higher socio-economic groups

4. the same across all social groups

Question 8

What factors contribute to the differences between health differentials between countries?

1. Population

2. Geography

3. Climate

4. Economics, environmental and social factors

Question 9

Recent evidence suggests the role of stress hormones in the development of coronary heart disease. But why do men and women differ in the amount of stress hormones they experience in response to stress

1. The protective benefits of female sex hormones

2. The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge

3. Fundamental physiological differences between men and women

4. They do not differ in their response

Question 10

Which gender is most influenced by adverse socio-economic factors?

1. Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay

2. Men, because they have to work more overtime to reduce the economic burden

3. Men, because they have poor social support

4. Both women and men equally

Question 11

According to Siegrist, work-related stress is a function of

1. An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards

2. The demands of working in different occupational environments

3. Significant demands both at work and at home

4. The demands and coping abilities of individual workers

Question 12

The Social Drift model suggests that

1. Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)

2. Low SES causes health problems

3. Low SES is associated with health problems

4. SES is not associated with health

Question 13

According to Clarke and colleagues, blood pressure is particularly high amongst black American adolescents who experience __________.

1. Poverty

2. Racism

3. Racism and are unable to 'accept it'

4. Unemployment

Question 14

Key determinants of health differences between people from ethnic minorities and the majority population are

1. The stress associated with racial discrimination and/or integration within wider society

2. The differences in access to health care

3. The association between minority status and low SES

4. All of the above

Question 15

According to research by Lundberg et al. (1981), stress hormones of men and women did what when they came home from work?

1. Stress hormones levels reduces in both groups

2. Stress hormones levels rose, but only in men and women with large families

3. Both group's stress hormones levels remained unchanged

4. Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. The stress associated with financial insecurity

Question 2

C. About half

Question 3

A. Deteriorates

Question 4

C. Middle class individuals

Question 5

D. Effort-rewards imbalance

Question 6

B. Its healthiness

Question 7

A. Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require

Question 8

D. Economics, environmental and social factors

Question 9

B. The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge

Question 10

A. Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay

Question 11

A. An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards

Question 12

A. Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)

Question 13

C. Racism and are unable to 'accept it'

Question 14

D. All of the above

Question 15

D. Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work

What are the health-risk behaviors? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions

Question 1

BMI stands for

1. Body Mass Indices

2. Body Mass Index

3. Biological Mean Index

4. None of the above

Question 2

Evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of Vitamin D might reduce the prevalence of what health problems?

1. Autoimmune disease

2. Cardiovascular disease

3. Prostate cancer

4. All of the above

Question 3

The British Medical Association implicates what psychosocial problems most commonly with obesity?

1. Depression and low self-esteem

2. Low self-esteem and social isolation

3. Social isolation and anxiety

4. Anxiety and depression

Question 4

Bryan et al and other research undertaken suggests that female sexual partners face additional barriers to using condoms, than those reported by males. Which of the following was not highlighted?

1. Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure

2. Difficulty/embarrassment in raising the issue

3. Anticipated male rejection

4. Lack of knowledge

Question 5

Matarazzo provided a definition of health behaviour, what term did he give health-risk behaviours?

1. A bevioural immunogen

2. A behvioural immuniser

3. A behavioural pathogen

4. A health behavioural protector

Question 6

The World Health Organisation identified ten leading risk factors for disease across the world. These included:

1. Obesity

2. Being underweight

3. Unprotected sexual intercourse

4. All of the above

Question 7

Are reductions in fat intake more effective in helping people lose weight than general calorific control?

1. Yes

2. No, they are equally effective

3. No, they are less effective

4. Reductions in fat intake have no impact on weight

Question 8

People engage in health behaviours for what reasons?

1. To maintain their health

2. To look good

3. To maintain or gain social attracts

4. All of the above

Question 9

Serotonin not only appears to mediate mood, it is also responsible for:

1. Feelings of high self-efficacy

2. Low levels of activity

3. Feelings of satiety

4. Cravings for specific foods

Question 10

According to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle, who are the most likely people to use condoms?

1. Young Christian men

2. Adults with a recent 'new' partner

3. Young people with a recent 'new' partner

4. Young people with a regular partner

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a key behavioural factor associated with health and longevity as part of the ‘Alameda seven’

1. Not eating between meals

2. Sleeping 7-8 hours per night

3. Eating breakfast

4. Daily sunscreen use

Question 12

Obtaining valid measures of health behaviour can be problematic because:

1. It often relies on the memory of the individual

2. Asking people to record their behaviour could also lead them to alter their behaviour

3. It relies on self-report

4. All of the above

Question 13

According to Doll et al. (2004), smoking cessation at age 30 leads to approximately __ life years gained.

1. 5

2. 7.5

3. 10

4. 12.5

Question 14

Obesity is a major risk factor for which of the following conditions?

1. Osteoarthritis

2. Glaucoma

3. Rheumatoid arthritis

4. Type 1 diabetes

Question 15

What is the world's favourite psychoactive substance?

1. Alcohol

2. Caffeine

3. Marijuana

4. Nicotine

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Body Mass Index

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

B. Low self-esteem and social isolation

Question 4

A. Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure

Question 5

C. A behavioural pathogen

Question 6

D. All of the above

Question 7

B. No, they are equally effective

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

C. Feelings of satiety

Question 10

C. Young people with a recent 'new' partner

Question 11

D. Daily sunscreen use

Question 12

D. All of the above

Question 13

C. 10

Question 14

A. Osteoarthritis

Question 15

B. Caffeine

What does health protective behavior entail? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions

Question 1

An intervention designed to increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of young people (Lowe et al. 2004) used exposure, modelling and reinforcement. Which psychological paradigm did they draw from?

1. Cognitive-behavioural therapy

2. Psychoanalysis

3. Learning theory

4. Behaviour modification

Question 2

What was the outcome of the trial using vitamins C and E supplements for their potential in halting cognitive decline (Grodstein et al. 2003)?

1. There was no significant improvement in verbal fluency and short-term memory when vitamin C and E supplements were taken

2. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin C supplements only were taken.

3. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.

4. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin E supplements only were taken.

Question 3

Which of the following chemicals are not implicated in the psychological benefits of exercise?

1. Adrenaline

2. Serotonin

3. Natural opiates

4. Noradrenaline

Question 4

Making a decision on the perceived pros and cons of genetic testing is sometimes referred to as

1. Utility maximation

2. Utility minimisation

3. Utility moderation

4. Utility maximisation

Question 5

A small amount of _______ is introduced into the body during immunisation

1. Toxin

2. Pathogen

3. Antagonist

4. Antigen

Question 6

Individuals with the early signs of bone disease will benefit from what type of exercise?

1. Increased weight bearing

2. Body and muscle building

3. Aerobic

4. Non-weight bearing

Question 7

How much longer did the individuals who exercised at an equivalent of running twenty miles a week live according to Paffenbarger et al. (1986)?

1. 6 months

2. 1 year

3. 2 years

4. 5 years

Question 8

What dimensions of non-adherence to medication were identified by Sabaté (2003)?

1. Condition-related factors

2. Socioeconomic factors

3. System-related factors

4. All of the above

Question 9

Not all behaviour has a negative effect on our health and indeed can protect against illness. Which of the following describes that particular type of behaviour?

1. Behavioural immunogens

2. Behavioural antigens

3. Behavioural immune response

4. Behavioural immunostimulators

Question 10

Exercise has been found to reduce an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. Which one of the following has it not been linked to?

1. Lung cancer

2. Type II diabetes

3. Obesity

4. Cardiovascular disease

Question 11

According to Bennett and Smith (1992), what are the key influences on parental decisions about child vaccination?

1. Anxiety about the risks of vaccination and availability

2. Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination

3. Potential side-effects and timing of vaccination

4. All of the above

Question 12

In a recent large scale review and meta-analysis on fruit and vegetable consumption, Wang et al. (2014), reported…

1. Reduced all-cause mortality

2. Limited evidence of benefits for cancer risk

3. Lower cardiovascular disease risk

4. All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following has been found to be associated with the uptake of screening and self-examination?

1. Age

2. Education

3. Self-efficacy

4. All of the above

Question 14

Screening for disease detection is

1. Primary prevention

2. Based on the medical model

3. Based on the principal of susceptibility

4. All of the above

Question 15

Primary prevention can provide personal _________ related to potential morbidity, which can be utilized to suggest placing preventative measures in place.

1. Risk potential

2. Risk rate

3. Risk score

4. Risk assessment

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Learning theory

Question 2

C. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.

Question 3

B. Serotonin

Question 4

D. Utility maximisation

Question 5

D. Antigen

Question 6

A. Increased weight bearing

Question 7

C. 2 years

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

A. Behavioural immunogens

Question 10

A. Lung cancer

Question 11

B. Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination

Question 12

D. All of the above

Question 13

D. All of the above

Question 14

B. Based on the medical model

Question 15

C. Risk score

How can health behavior be explained? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following is not a criticism of the health belief model?

1. It underestimates the role of social influence

2. It does not consider how the various elements interact to predict behaviour

3. It overestimates the role of threat

4. It overlooks the role of disease severity

Question 2

How can we best assess the utility of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour in predicting behaviour?

1. By employing longitudinal, prospective studies

2. By employing longitudinal, retrospective studies

3. By employing cross-sectional studies

4. By employing qualitative research methods

Question 3

Which of the following is associated with unrealistic optimism?

1. The belief the problem will not develop

2. Lack of personal experience with an issue

3. The belief the problem is rare

4. All of the above

Question 4

The volition phase of HAPA incorporates which Gollwitzer and Oettingen (2000) concept?

1. Implementation intentions

2. Contemplation stage

3. Preparation stage

4. Goal intentions

Question 5

Which of the following is not in Eysenck's (1970, 1991) three-factor model of personality?

1. Psychoticism

2. Extroversion

3. Conscientiousness

4. Neuroticism

Question 6

Attitudes consist of three related parts. What are they?

1. Influence, emotion and perception

2. Cognition, influence and emotion

3. Cognition, emotion and behaviour

4. Emotion, behaviour and influence

Question 7

Which addition to the theory of reasoned action (included in the theory of planned behaviour) independently predicts health behaviour?

1. Attitude

2. Subjective norm

3. Behaviour intention

4. Perceived behavioural control

Question 8

Which of the following is not a stage of change identified in the transtheoretical model?

1. Contemplation

2. Maintenance

3. Action

4. Disengagement

Question 9

Schwarzer's (1992) health action process approach model (HAPA) attempts to fill the 'intention-behaviour gap' by

1. Highlighting the role of self-efficacy

2. Highlighting the role of action plans

3. Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans

4. None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is not a key predictor of behaviour in the health action process approach?

1. Perceptions of risk

2. Outcome expectancies

3. Self-efficacy

4. They are all important predictors of behaviour

Question 11

Wallston et al. (1978) has described three dimensions of (multi-dimensional) health locus of control. These are

1. Powerful others, internal and self-efficacy

2. Internal, self-efficacy and external

3. Internal, external and powerful others

4. External, powerful others and self-efficacy

Question 12

Which of the following is not a distal influence on health?

1. Socio-economic status

2. Gender

3. Attitude

4. Personality

Question 13

What is crucial during the action stage of the transtheoretical model?

1. The availability of social support

2. Realistic goal setting

3. Optimism

4. Information seeking

Question 14

In the context of health, unrealistic optimism is a form of

1. A positive attitude to risk

2. Biased risk perception

3. Post hoc reassurance following risky behaviour

4. None of the above

Question 15

How do goal and implementation intentions differ?

1. They do not. They are the same thing but named by different researchers

2. Only goals are based on individual attitudes and social norms

3. Only implementation intentions include an attitudinal dimension

4. Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. It overlooks the role of disease severity

Question 2

A. By employing longitudinal, prospective studies

Question 3

D. All of the above

Question 4

A. Implementation intentions

Question 5

C. Conscientiousness

Question 6

C. Cognition, emotion and behaviour

Question 7

D. Perceived behavioural control

Question 8

D. Disengagement

Question 9

C. Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans

Question 10

A. Perceptions of risk

Question 11

C. Internal, external and powerful others

Question 12

C. Attitude

Question 13

B. Realistic goal setting

Question 14

B. Biased risk perception

Question 15

D. Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)

What are the mechanisms and approaches behind changing behavior? - ExamTests 6

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following is not an environmental influence that should be considered when encouraging health behaviour change, according to the health belief model?

1. Cues to action

2. Minimising costs and barriers

3. Social norms

4. Increasing the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviour

Question 2

According to the Protection Motivation Theory, which of the following is not relevant to health-related change

1. Self-efficacy in relation to change

2. Threat appraisal

3. Attitude towards the health behaviour

4. All of the above

Question 3

Which technique in cognitive therapy is designed to question the core of an individual's beliefs?

1. Relapse prevention

2. Downward arrow

3. Homework tasks

4. Video intervention

Question 4

The key goal of Egan's approach to counselling is to

1. Identify and change cognitive factors that prevent change

2. Teach skills necessary to achieve behavioural change

3. Provide a warm empathic therapeutic environment

4. Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution

Question 5

The NICE guidelines on behavioural change (NICE 2014) identified several ways of presenting information in order to increase the motivation of smokers to quit. Which of these is NOT a key messages to influence:

1. Financial costs

2. Subjective norms

3. Self-efficacy

4. Positive attitude

Question 6

Which of the following is not a potential problem when an individual stops smoking?

1. Withdrawal symptoms

2. The loss of a powerful means of altering mood

3. The urge to smoke triggered by environmental cues

4. All of the above

Question 7

Beck's Socratic method is also known as

1. Guided learning

2. Guided discovery

3. Empathic interaction

4. Empathic discussion

Question 8

Protection Motivation theory suggests that we are most likely to take preventive action if any media programme

1. Arouses some degree of fear

2. Increases the sense of severity if no change is made

3. Emphasises the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome

4. All of the above

Question 9

Fear arousing campaigns can be more effective if they

1. Maximise the negative aspects of the health behaviour

2. Show people how to reduce any health threat

3. Have experts explaining why a health threat exists

4. Use vivid imagery to maximise the effect

Question 10

What are the three phases of Egan's (2013) problem solving approach?

1. Rolling with resistance, goal setting and facilitating action

2. Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification

3. Facilitating action, rolling with resistance and goal setting

4. Rolling with resistance, goal setting and problem exploration and clarification

Question 11

“If it is 8 am on Friday, I will ride my bike to work” is an example of an implementation intention. Which one?

1. Initial reluctance

2. Missing opportunities

3. Stopping old habits

4. Failing to get started

Question 12

"If you use sun cream you will reduce your risk of developing skin cancer" is an example of

1. A reality-based message

2. A positively framed message

3. A negatively framed message

4. An efficacy increasing message

Question 13

Prochaska and di Clemente (1986) identified how many stages of change in their transtheoretical model?

1. 4

2. 5

3. 6

4. 7

Question 14

Which of the following is not a stage in Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change model?

1. Behavioural engagement

2. Contemplation

3. Preparation

4. Pre-contemplation

Question 15

Many problem-focused smoking cessation programmes teach clients

1. How to cope with cues to smoking

2. How to reduce the possibility of giving in to cravings should they occur

3. How to cope with any withdrawal symptoms

4. All of the above

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Social norms

Question 2

C. Attitude towards the health behaviour

Question 3

B. Downward arrow

Question 4

D. Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution

Question 5

A. Financial costs

Question 6

D. All of the above

Question 7

B. Guided discovery

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

B. Show people how to reduce any health threat

Question 10

B. Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification

Question 11

D. Failing to get started

Question 12

B. A positively framed message

Question 13

B. 5

Question 14

A. Behavioural engagement

Question 15

D. All of the above

How can health problems be prevented? - ExamTests 7

MC-questions

Question 1

Early public health messages, such as the Grim Reaper campaign, in response to the development of AIDS and HIV were ineffective (Rigby, Brown, et al. 1989). Why was this so?

1. They heightened AIDS-related anxiety

2. They did not provide any information about the disease

3. They did not provide any information about appropriate behaviour change

4. All the above

Question 2

Which of the following approaches was used by Steptoe et al. (1999) to provide a beneficial adjunct to problem-focused counselling?

1. Motivational interviewing

2. Cognitive therapy

3. Training in skills to achieve behavioural change

4. Insight-oriented therapy

Question 3

Merzel and D'Affliti (2003) contended that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes were more effective than those targeted at CHD. Why might this be the case?

1. The potentially negative effects of sexual behaviours are more catastrophic and one-off than CHD-related behaviours.

2. Sexual behaviours are easier to change than CHD-related behaviours.

3. HIV programmes use the media more effectively.

4. None of the above

Question 4

In December 2012, Australia introduced drab olive green packaging on cigarettes with large graphic health warnings. Brose et al (2014) found

1. No effect on the purchase of cigarettes

2. Less likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes

3. Were inconclusive

4. More likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes

Question 5

One increasingly popular intervention in schools is known as

1. Student-based learning

2. Student support

3. Student-oriented education

4. Peer intervention

Question 6

Countries such as Sweden that have recently had to make the purchase of alcohol easier have experienced

1. An increase in alcohol sales

2. A reduction in binge drinking

3. An increase in binge drinking

4. No change in alcohol sales

Question 7

Been et al. (2014) reviewed eleven recent studies of the effects of second-hand smoke exposure by children, and found benefits directly attributable to smoke free legislation. Select their findings below.

1. Reduced premature births

2. Reduces low birth weight in children

3. Lower levels of asthma

4. All of the above

Question 8

The OXCHECK study group was a screening programme targeted at health behaviour. On which disease did they focus?

1. Obesity

2. Cervical disease

3. Arthritis

4. Coronary heart disease

Question 9

Why may there have been a recent downturn in the use of needle exchange schemes and safer sex in some areas?

1. The belief that AIDS can be cured

2. The low profile of HIV and AIDS

3. A and B

4. None of the above

Question 10

The mass media has been used to influence behavior in many different ways. Which of these has been used previously?

1. Arousing fear

2. Targeted specific audience

3. Framing information in a positive manner

4. All of the above

Question 11

What was the target of the Stanford three towns project?

1. Hypertension

2. Coronary heart disease (CHD)

3. Obesity

4. HIV and AIDS

Question 12

According to Quentin et al. (2007), how effective have total bans been on the advertising of tobacco products?

1. Just over half the bans have resulted in reductions in smoking.

2. 80% have resulted in reductions in smoking.

3. 27% have resulted in reductions in smoking.

4. They have had no effect on smoking.

Question 13

Skov-Ettrup et al. (2014) examined the uptake of a Danish smoking cessation intervention. Which approach was the most accessed intervention?

1. An internet-based smoking cessation program

2. ‘Reactive’ telephone counselling

3. ‘Proactive’ telephone counselling

4. A self-help booklet

Question 14

Population based interventions to reduce CHD since the Stanford Three Towns Project have

1. Achieved about the same level of effectiveness as the Stanford intervention.

2. Been more effective in changing women's behaviour than men's.

3. Improved in their effectiveness due to the use of new technologies.

4. Been less successful than the Stanford Project.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a common screening programme?

1. Behavioural risk of disease

2. Genetic risk of disease

3. Early detection of disease or its precursors

4. None of the above

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. All the above

Question 2

A. Motivational interviewing

Question 3

A. The potentially negative effects of sexual behaviours are more catastrophic and one-off than CHD-related behaviours.

Question 4

B. Less likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes

Question 5

D. Peer intervention

Question 6

A. An increase in alcohol sales

Question 7

D. All of the above

Question 8

D. Coronary heart disease

Question 9

C. A and B

Question 10

C. Framing information in a positive manner

Question 11

B. Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Question 12

A. Just over half the bans have resulted in reductions in smoking.

Question 13

D. A self-help booklet

Question 14

D. Been less successful than the Stanford Project.

Question 15

D. None of the above

What is the effect of health and illness on the human body? - ExamTests 8

MC-questions

Question 1

According to Rao et al. (2013), recent developments in treatment for HIV herald the promise of what:

1. Lower risk of progression to AIDS

2. Simpler drug regimes

3. Better adherence to medication

4. All of the above

Question 2

Activity in the digestive system is partly controlled by a complex local nervous system, known as the

1. Parasympathetic nervous system

2. Automatic nervous system

3. Enteric nervous system

4. Sympathic nervous system

Question 3

The rate of breathing is controlled by respiratory centres in the

1. Cerebellum

2. Thalamus

3. Brainstem

4. Cortex

Question 4

Multiple sclerosis

1. Can affect any part of the nervous system

2. Can be effectively treated with beta blockers

3. Always end in the death of the person with the condition

4. Is a progressive and predictable disease

Question 5

High sympathetic activity is known as the

1. Fear response

2. Adrenaline rush

3. Fight-flight response

4. Fear response

Question 6

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) contains

1. Phagocytes

2. T-cells

3. Macrophages

4. An antibody

Question 7

The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is often known as the

1. Adrenaline response

2. Noradrenaline response

3. Fight-flight response

4. Rest-recover response

Question 8

The lymph nodes are part of the immune system. Which of the following is not a lymph node?

1. Cilia

2. Peyer's patches

3. Appendix

4. Tonsils

Question 9

Select the answer that correctly fills in the blanks below. Healthy levels of blood pressure are a systolic blood pressure of below ______ and a diastolic blood pressure of below ______.

1. 120-130; 80

2. 120-130; 90

3. 130-140; 80

4. 130-140; 90

Question 10

Which of the following are not lymphocytes?

1. Memory B cells

2. Macrophages

3. Cytotoxic T cells

4. Plasma B cells

Question 11

Which part of the limbic system links sensory information to emotionally relevant behaviour, particularly in response to fear and anger?

1. Fornix

2. Thalamus

3. Amygdala

4. Hippocampus

Question 12

To have a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) you must have which symptoms?

1. Loss of appetite; unintentional weight loss; boils and fistulas

2. Abdominal pain; changes in bowel movements-faeces may vary between solid and watery; periods of mild fever, sometimes with blood in the stools, and pain in the lower right abdomen

3. Pain, relieved by defaecation; pain associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements; change in the form of the stool (loose, watery, or pellet-like).

4. About four stools daily, with or without blood; mild abdominal pain or cramping.

Question 13

Low-density lipoproteins

1. Transport excess or unused cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver.

2. Transport cholesterol to the various tissues and body cells.

3. Break down cholesterol into its constituent parts.

4. Facilitate the laying down of cholesterol on the artery walls.

Question 14

Phagocytes

1. Attack the nervous system, resulting in auto-immune disease.

2. Release chemicals that destroy antigens.

3. Adhere to and then engulf antigens.

4. Control the action of lymphocytes.

Question 15

Angina pectoris is a condition in which

1. The individual experiences chest pain that can be relieved by the use of betablockers

2. The individual experiences chest pain that requires defibrillation

3. The individual experiences chest pain that is relieved by the use of vasoconstrictors.

4. The individual experiences chest that is indicative of the early signs of a heart attack.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. All of the above

Question 2

C. Enteric nervous system

Question 3

C. Brainstem

Question 4

A. Can affect any part of the nervous system

Question 5

C. Fight-flight response

Question 6

D. An antibody

Question 7

D. Rest-recover response

Question 8

A. Cilia

Question 9

D. 130-140; 90

Question 10

B. Macrophages

Question 11

C. Amygdala

Question 12

C. Pain, relieved by defaecation; pain associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements; change in the form of the stool (loose, watery, or pellet-like).

Question 13

A. Transport excess or unused cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver.

Question 14

C. Adhere to and then engulf antigens.

Question 15

A. The individual experiences chest pain that can be relieved by the use of betablockers

How can symptoms be experienced and be interpreted? - ExamTests 9

MC-questions

Question 1

According to Cassell (1976) what does the word ‘illness’ denote

1. An experience of a set of symptoms

2. A physical disorder with a set of symptoms

3. The presence of a disease

4. None of the above

Question 2

According to Cacioppo et al. (1989), people with serious illness…

1. Find it difficult to ‘accept’ their often poor prognosis

2. Are able to detect the severity of the illness early in its course

3. Usually consider less serious diagnoses before accepting more serious diagnoses

4. Tend to use passive coping mechanisms to control their anxiety

Question 3

What are the dimensions in the IPQ-R not identified in the original IPQ?

1. Emotional representation and illness coherence

2. Personal responsibility and illness coherence

3. Illness coherence and seriousness

4. Emotional responsibility and changeability

Question 4

Which of the following is not a stage in Shafer’s model of delay behaviour?

1. Illness delay

2. Utilisation delay

3. Appraisal delay

4. Behavioural delay

Question 5

“Because I am ill, I cannot go to the gym today” is an example of which of Leventhal’s illness representation:

1. Cause

2. Timeline

3. Consequences

4. Controllability

Question 6

Publicised outbreaks of Ebola and swine flu lead to:

1. Increased symptom perception

2. Increased healthcare visits

3. Both A and B

4. None of the above

Question 7

The identification of treatment representations (Horne and Weinman 1998) highlights perceptions of medicine as being

1. Harmful and addictive

2. Disruptive

3. Restorative

4. All of the above

Question 8

Cioffi's (1991) model of the processes of interpreting physical signs and their attribution as symptoms is known as the…

1. Attentional model

2. Cognitive-perceptual model

3. Delay behavioural model

4. Common-sense model

Question 9

People who exhibit type A behaviour are… than Type B individuals

1. Less likely to perceive symptoms

2. Less likely to report symptoms

3. More likely to report symptoms

4. More likely to perceive symptoms

Question 10

Which age group is more likely to present at the doctor, regardless of symptom severity?

1. The elderly

2. Adolescents

3. The middle aged

4. The very young

Question 11

According to Radley (1994), what is the distinction between a 'bodily sign' and 'symptoms of illness'?

1. Symptoms fit a disease prototype

2. Recognition of a physiological cause of symptoms

3. The process of interpreting signs as symptoms of illness

4. Signs are external evidence of disease

Question 12

A disease prototype is:

1. A set of diagnostic criteria used in treatment of disease

2. A model of the symptoms of an illness held in memory

3. A set of diagnostic criteria used by doctors to aid diagnosis

4. None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following emotional responses has not been highlighted by research as an explanation of 'delay behaviour'?

1. Denial

2. Elation

3. Anxiety

4. Fear

Question 14

Horne and Weinman (1999) extended which model to include 'treatment beliefs' in order to explain delay behaviour?

1. Self-regulation model

2. Health belief model

3. Delay behaviour model

4. Stages of change model

Question 15

What types of decision-making stages are described in Safer’s model of delay behaviour?

1. Delay in changing health risk behaviours before disease onset

2. Delay in behavioural change following disease onset

3. Delay in seeking medical help for symptoms

4. None of the above

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. An experience of a set of symptoms

Question 2

C. Usually consider less serious diagnoses before accepting more serious diagnoses

Question 3

A. Emotional representation and illness coherence

Question 4

D. Behavioural delay

Question 5

C. Consequences

Question 6

C. Both A and B

Question 7

D. All of the above

Question 8

B. Cognitive-perceptual model

Question 9

A. Less likely to perceive symptoms

Question 10

A. The elderly

Question 11

C. The process of interpreting signs as symptoms of illness

Question 12

B. A model of the symptoms of an illness held in memory

Question 13

B. Elation

Question 14

A. Self-regulation model

Question 15

C. Delay in seeking medical help for symptoms

How does intervention in health psychology take place? - ExamTests 10

MC-questions

Question 1

A consultation involves both patient and health professional. Which of the following is not a component of a professional-centred approach?

1. The health professional keeps control over the interview

2. The patient accepts any decisions made

3. Discussion between doctor and patient

4. The doctor asks questions to gain information

Question 2

Which of the following did Baile et al. (2000) not identify in his six-step protocol for breaking bad news?

1. Find out what the patient knows

2. Respond to the patient's feelings

3. Tell the family

4. Start with a warning slot

Question 3

Consultations with non-indigenous patients (immigrants etc) with good command over the native language tend to be __________ than those with indigenous patients

1. More focused on emotional problems

2. Longer

3. More contentious

4. Shorter

Question 4

According to Horne, the illness beliefs that influence adherence to medication include

1. Its severity, contagiousness and likely prognosis

2. Its severity, time frame and likely prognosis

3. Its time frame, prognosis and treatment side effects

4. Its contagiousness, time frame and treatability

Question 5

According to Abramsky and Fletcher (2002), which description of their potential condition did patients undergoing genetic screening find worrying?

1. Disorder

2. Rare

3. Syndrome

4. All the above

Question 6

According to Clayton et al. (2007), what were the advantages of giving a prompt sheet to patients with advanced cancer prior to a key consultation?

1. The found the consultation less stressful

2. They spent the same amount of time with the doctor, but found the consultation more useful

3. They asked more than twice as many questions as patients in a control group

4. All of the above

Question 7

Schofield et al. (2003) found factors in the bad news consultation that were associated with patients' subsequent adjustment to their condition. A good adjustment was not predicted when

1. The bad news was broken by an empathic female doctor.

2. The health professional prepared the patients for their diagnosis.

3. There was a supportive person in the room when the bad news was given.

4. The health professional allowed talking about the patients' feelings.

Question 8

What factors may inhibit the development of 'active partnerships' between health professionals and patients advocated by the National Health Service?

1. Patients often prefer to leave treatment decisions to health professionals

2. Differences in knowledge about the health issue

3. Power differentials between high status doctors and patients

4. All of the above

Question 9

According to Elstein and Schwarz (2002), what are potential strategies used by doctors in diagnostic decisions?

1. Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, opinion revision

2. Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, test-retest

3. Hypothesis testing, Cost-benefit analysis, opinion revision

4. Prototype comparison, Cost-benefit analysis, opinion revision

Question 10

According to Elstein and Schwarz (2002), factors that influence doctors' diagnoses include

1. Its 'availability' - the frequency with which the disease is presented in the media.

2. Its frequency of occurrence within the population.

3. The potential 'pay off' of treating a particular condition.

4. All of the above

Question 11

According to Ford et al. (2003), which of the following is not an important factor in a ‘good’ medical consultation?

1. Gaining an understanding of the problem and its ramifications

2. Always achieving an appropriate diagnosis

3. Managing time so that it does not appear rushed

4. Engaging the patient in the decision making process

Question 12

The ‘S’s of the SPIKES model of ‘Breaking Bad News’ stand for:

1. ‘Sitting the patient down’ and ‘Strategy and summary’

2. ‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Strategy and summary’

3. ‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Suspending medical jargon’

4. ‘Sitting the patient down’ and ‘Suspending medical jargon’

Question 13

In the USA, ethnic differences in the provision of health care are frequently

1. Due to people from minority ethnic groups presenting with more serious disease.

2. Due to differences in individuals' ability to pay.

3. Due to the differences in presentation of the disease.

4. None of the above

Question 14

How important are cross-cultural factors in influencing adherence to HAART medication?

1. Levels of adherence to medication are lowest on the African continent

2. They do not appear to influence adherence to HAART

3. People from ethnic minorities tend to be less adherent than those from the majority population

4. People from ethnic minorities tend to be more adherent than those from the majority population

Question 15

According to Berenbaum & Latimer-Cheung (2014), ______ framed communication about exercise was most influential in a group of women on outcomes as diverse as recall, attitudes, intentions, and actual behaviour.

1. Positive

2. Negative

3. Both

4. Neither

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Discussion between doctor and patient

Question 2

C. Tell the family

Question 3

D. Shorter

Question 4

B. Its severity, time frame and likely prognosis

Question 5

D. All the above

Question 6

C. They asked more than twice as many questions as patients in a control group

Question 7

A. The bad news was broken by an empathic female doctor.

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

A. Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, opinion revision

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

B. Always achieving an appropriate diagnosis

Question 12

B. ‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Strategy and summary’

Question 13

D. None of the above

Question 14

B. They do not appear to influence adherence to HAART

Question 15

A. Positive

How can stress affect health? - ExamTests 11

MC-questions

Question 1

Kanner (1981) found that gender played a role in psychological symptoms following 'hassles' and 'uplifts'. Which one of the following is correct?

1. Men experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

2. Men experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.

3. Women experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.

4. Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

Question 2

According to Lazarus, which appraisal types are the emotions of sadness and depression associated with?

1. Loss/harm

2. Challenge

3. Threat

4. None of the above

Question 3

“Burn-out” is similar to the final stage of which syndrome?

1. Chronic fatigue

2. Conservation of resources

3. Person-environment fit

4. General adaptation

Question 4

What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex at times of stress?

1. Acetylcholine

2. Adrenaline

3. Cortisol

4. Noradrenaline

Question 5

The 2014 American Psychological Association annual survey of Stress in America (APA 2015) revealed the percentages of men and women reporting stressful thoughts interfering with their sleep. What were they?

1. 25% of men; 35% of women

2. 35% of men; 25% of women

3. 65% of men; 75% of women

4. 75% of men; 65% of women

Question 6

In what way/ways may stress contribute to coronary heart disease?

1. Via inflammatory processes involving proinflammatory cytokines

2. Via the release of fatty acids into the blood stream

3. Via hypertension

4. All of the above

Question 7

What is the role of stress in relation to irritable bowel syndrome?

1. It causes the onset of the disorder

2. It contributes to day to day symptoms

3. There is no relation between stress and irritable bowel syndrome

4. Both A and B

Question 8

In Lazarus' (1984) early transactional model of stress, what follows primary appraisal?

1. Assessment of one’s coping potential

2. A coping effort

3. A behavioural response

4. An emotional response

Question 9

According to Hobfoll (1991), the quantification of resources and their depletion fits in with evidence regarding ______, which is/are associated with illness independent of the individual's appraisals.

1. unemployment

2. economic deprivation

3. poverty

4. All of the above

Question 10

What impact does cortisol have when released into the body?

1. Inhibits inflammation of damaged tissue

2. Inhibits the action of phagocytes

3. Inhibits glucose and fat uptake by tissue cells

4. All of the above

Question 11

According to Morrison and Bennett, what are some of the limitations of the 'life events approach' to stress and illness?

1. Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and no allowance for stressors being counteracted

2. Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event

3. Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and consideration of some life events not being stressful

4. Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, poor recall of stressors

Question 12

Which of the following is not a coping appraisal identified by Smith and Lazarus

1. Emotion-focused coping potential

2. Two and three only

3. Problem-focused coping potential

4. Self-efficacy judgments

Question 13

What is generally considered to be the role of stress in the development of cancer?

1. It is not associated with any aspect of cancer

2. It appears to play a role in some cancers initial development and progression.

3. It is probably not involved in the initial development of cancer, but may affect its progression

4. It has a role in the development of cancer, but not its progression

Question 14

Stress as a response can be measured using physical and physiological indices, such as

1. blood pressure

2. salivary secretory immunoglobulins

3. galvanic skin response

4. All of the above

Question 15

According to Lazarus appraisal processes, “Maybe I can manage this if I revise really hard” is an example of __________________ .

1. Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress

2. Threat + limited internal resources = stress

3. Threat + no resources = stress

4. Challenge + external resources = less stress

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

Question 2

A. Loss/harm

Question 3

D. General adaptation

Question 4

C. Cortisol

Question 5

A. 25% of men; 35% of women

Question 6

D. All of the above

Question 7

B. It contributes to day to day symptoms

Question 8

A. Assessment of one’s coping potential

Question 9

D. All of the above

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

B. Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event

Question 12

D. Self-efficacy judgments

Question 13

C. It is probably not involved in the initial development of cancer, but may affect its progression

Question 14

D. All of the above

Question 15

A. Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress

What are the moderators for stress and illness? - ExamTests 12

MC-questions

Question 1

Cohen and Lazarus (1979) described five main coping functions, each of which contributes to successful adaptation to a stressor. Which of the following did they not identify?

1. Tolerating or adjusting to negative events

2. Reducing harmful external conditions

3. Gaining support in repsonse to the stressor

4. Maintaining a positive self-image

Question 2

In what way/ways can personality impact on illness?

1. Personality may promote unhealthy behaviour

2. Personality may play a role in illness progression

3. Personality is in some cases predictive of illness

4. All of the above

Question 3

Kobasa (1979) described a concept of 'hardiness' and found it to buffer people against the negative effects of stress. Hardiness consisted of which components?

1. Perceived control, a sense of commitment and view change as challenge

2. Type A characteristics, optimism and a sense of commitment

3. Optimism, perceived support and view change as challenge

4. Perceived susceptibility, high self efficacy and self confidence

Question 4

Internal locus of control is commonly associated with what type of coping?

1. Blunting

2. Emotion-focused coping

3. Problem-focused coping

4. None of the above

Question 5

Breast cancer patients who reported good social support were found to have lower levels of what in the morning (Turner-Cobb et al. 2000)?

1. Prolactin

2. Cortisol

3. Endorphins

4. Neuroendocrine

Question 6

What are the main types of social support?

1. Emotional, circumstantial, instrumental informational and network

2. Behavioural, esteem, instrumental, informational and network

3. Emotional, esteem, intangible, informational and network

4. Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network

Question 7

There are two theories which may explain the benefits of social support. What are they?

1. Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis

2. Direct impact hypothesis and buffering hypothesis

3. Direct effect hypothesis and bumper hypothesis

4. Direct impact hypothesis and cushion hypothesis

Question 8

Endler et al. (1998) assess across three dimensions. Which of these includes behaviours including distraction and social diversion?

1. Emotion oriented

2. Task oriented

3. Avoidance oriented

4. All of the above

Question 9

Other than neuroticism, what other construct or pervasive trait plays a central role in the stress-health relationship?

1. Conscientiousness

2. Extroversion

3. Openness

4. Negative affectivity

Question 10

Control can reduce the stressfulness of an event by altering appraisal, emotion or by influencing the coping response adopted. According to Morrison and Bennett, what types of control are there?

1. Retrospective, emotional, behavioural, decisional and informational

2. Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational

3. Emotional, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational

4. Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and emotional

Question 11

Which of the following is not a coping strategy that could be used to reduce the threat of examinations?

1. Revision

2. Buying the books needed for revision

3. Going out with friends to forget about the exam

4. All of the above

Question 12

According to Semmer (2006), what is/are the most frequent coping responses used by neurotic individuals?

1. Emotion-focused

2. Maladaptive

3. Problem-focused

4. Only A and B

Question 13

Vogt et al. (1992) found that a lack of social networks strongly predicted mortality in which disease(s)?

1. Ischemic heart disease

2. Stroke

3. Cancer

4. All of the above

Question 14

Which personality type is likely to show greater physiological reactivity?

1. Type A

2. Type B

3. Type C

4. None of the above

Question 15

A recent review of monitoring and blunting amongst those at risk of, or diagnosed with cancer, found:

1. Neurotic, stoic, withdrawn

2. Monitors experiences lower information satisfaction

3. High neuroticism, cooperation, introversion and emotional expression

4. Stoic, neurotic, passive

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Gaining support in repsonse to the stressor

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

A. Perceived control, a sense of commitment and view change as challenge

Question 4

C. Problem-focused coping

Question 5

B. Cortisol

Question 6

D. Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network

Question 7

A. Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis

Question 8

C. Avoidance oriented

Question 9

D. Negative affectivity

Question 10

B. Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational

Question 11

D. All of the above

Question 12

D. Only A and B

Question 13

D. All of the above

Question 14

A. Type A

Question 15

B. Monitors experiences lower information satisfaction

How can stress be managed? - ExamTests 13

MC-questions

Question 1

The sources of stress for hospital workers reported by Bennett and Morrison can be split into three-professional issues, patient issues and work issues. Which of the following did they find as a professional issue?

1. Distressed patient or relatives

2. Shift work

3. Complaints made against staff

4. Working beyond knowlegde level

Question 2

A tension diary is

1. A way to indentify triggers for stress

2. A means of recording the level of physical tension

3. Often used as a prelude to cognitive and behavioural interventions

4. All of the above

Question 3

What are the primary sorts of information provided to patients prior to surgery as an attempt to reduce their anxiety?

1. Procedural and sensory information

2. Procedural and operative information

3. Procedural information alone

4. Operative and sensory information

Question 4

Montano, Hoven and Siegrist (2014) conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve the health of workers, addressing which outcomes?

1. Musculo-skeletal measures

2. Physical health

3. Mental health

4. All of the above

Question 5

What is the core stress management skill taught virtually on all stress management courses?

1. Meditation

2. Relaxation

3. Cognitive restructuring

4. Stress trigger identification and reduction

Question 6

Stress is

1. A negative emotional and physiological state, linked to cognitive processes

2. High levels of physiological arousal

3. A cognitive response to things that happen to us

4. Synonymous with anxiety

Question 7

According to ACT therapists, attempts at controlling emotional thoughts are:

1. Mahoney

2. Ellis

3. Only beneficial if core cognitive processes are addressed

4. Central to the therapeutic approach

Question 8

Price (1988) found that type A behaviour in men was attributable to the underlying schemata of

1. Low self-esteem and need to gain the esteem of others

2. Low self-esteem and hostile thought

3. Hostile thoughts and gaining the esteem of others

4. Low self-esteem and disregarding the esteem of others

Question 9

According to Wells (2000), emotional distress arises from:

1. Inappropriate beliefs about one's ability to cope

2. Appraisal of a disjuntion between an actual and desired state

3. Deficits in coping responses

4. None of the above

Question 10

Which of these is not an element of Egan’s counseling approach?

1. Teaching relaxation response in response to stress

2. Rehearsal of new behaviours

3. Identification of cognitions associated with stress

4. None of the above

Question 11

Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. Work-related stress, depression or anxiety accounts for an estimated ______ lost working days per year in Britain.

1. 9.5 million

2. 11.5 million

3. 13.5 million

4. 15.5 million

Question 12

Which of the following is not a key question during the Socratic Method of cognitive structuring?

1. What evidence is there that supports or denies my assumptions

2. Is my behaviour appropriate to the circumstances?

3. Could I be making a mistake in the way I am thinking?

4. Are there any other ways I can think about this situation?

Question 13

The cognitive behavioural models of distress developed by Beck and Ellis suggest that feelings of distress result from

1. Accurate appraisal of stressful situations

2. Misinterpretations of environmental events or thoughts that exaggerate the negative elements within them

3. A conditioned respronse to previously upsetting situations

4. All of the above

Question 14

Sensory information that may be given to people to help them cope with surgery includes:

1. An explanation that the person may feel some pain after their operation

2. An explanation of how the recovery room will look like when after the operation

3. An explanation that the person will have a drip in his/her arm after the operation

4. None of the above

Question 15

According to Beck, surface cognitions include:

1. Thought-action fusion

2. Thought-behaviour fusion

3. Action-emotion fusion

4. Catastrophic thinking

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Working beyond knowlegde level

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

A. Procedural and sensory information

Question 4

D. All of the above

Question 5

B. Relaxation

Question 6

A. A negative emotional and physiological state, linked to cognitive processes

Question 7

C. Only beneficial if core cognitive processes are addressed

Question 8

A. Low self-esteem and need to gain the esteem of others

Question 9

B. Appraisal of a disjuntion between an actual and desired state

Question 10

D. None of the above

Question 11

C. 13.5 million

Question 12

B. Is my behaviour appropriate to the circumstances?

Question 13

B. Misinterpretations of environmental events or thoughts that exaggerate the negative elements within them

Question 14

A. An explanation that the person may feel some pain after their operation

Question 15

D. Catastrophic thinking

What are the impacts and outcomes of illness? - ExamTests 14

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following is not a domain measured in the WHOQOL-100?

1. Social relationships

2. Physical health

3. Level of independence

4. Employment

Question 2

A study with stroke patients aged from 32 to 90 years (Carod-Artal et al. 2000) found that age was not a predictor of Qol. Which of the following factors did they find to be more important to Qol?

1. Physical disability, depressed mood and age

2. Physical disability, depressed mood and gender

3. Social isolation, depressed mood and gender

4. Physical disability, social isolation and gender

Question 3

When may avoidant coping be beneficial to Qol?

1. In situations where the person becomes frustrated

2. In situations where the person cannot exert control

3. In situations where the person can exert efficacy

4. In situations hwere the person can exert control

Question 4

What is the main advantage of employing a generic measure of Qol?

1. It allows comparisons of Qol across different diseases

2. It does not address health issues

3. It allows for comparisons within a disease

4. None of the above

Question 5

Measuring Qol increases the understanding about the multidimensional impact of illness, and the factors that moderate it. When Qol is measured to inform, what can be gained?

1. Best practice can be informed

2. Interventions can be informed

3. Patients can be informed

4. All of the above

Question 6

Yardley and Dibb (2007) found in heir longitudinal study that participants had altered their views of their baseline quality of life 10 months after initial assessment. Which of the subscales was the only one unchanged?

1. Role functioning

2. Physical health

3. Social functioning

4. Emotional functioning

Question 7

Which of the following observable aspects was not assessed in Bijttebier et al's (2001) study of young cancer patients?

1. Discomfort caused by illness

2. Discomfort caused by medical treatment

3. Physical restriction

4. Emotional distress

Question 8

Which of the following is not a condition-related psychosocial influence on Qol?

1. Cognitive impairment

2. Communication impairment

3. Symptoms

4. None of the above

Question 9

Ferrucci et al. (2000) investigated the relationship between disease severity and Qol. In which disease did they find a linear relationship (i.e. the more severe the symptoms, the lower perceived level of Qol)?

1. Stroke

2. Coronary heart disease

3. Parkinson's disease

4. Alzheimer's disease

Question 10

Obieglo et al. (2015) found that cardiac patients with lower illness acceptance were NOT more likely to report which of the following:

1. Social isolation

2. Negative emotional reactions

3. Less energy

4. More severe pain

Question 11

According to Morrison and Bennett, what is 'quality of life' (Qol)?

1. An individual's evaluation of life experience

2. An objective measure of someone's existence

3. The degree to which we can function physically

4. All of the above

Question 12

Some argue that Qol is impossible at, or nearing, the end of life. The withdrawal of medical assistance to some people at this time is known as

1. Suicide

2. Assisted suicide

3. Active euthanasia

4. Passive euthanasia

Question 13

Why may we not have a proper understanding of Qol in children?

1. Because of their cognitive limitations

2. Because of the use of proxy measures

3. Because of their cognitive limitations and the use of proxy measures

4. Because of their difficulties with communication

Question 14

What is the term used for when a person changes his/her view and possibly re-prioritise expectations and his/her life values?

1. Response shift

2. Response adaptation

3. Response modification

4. Response swing

Question 15

For what does the acronym QALY stand?

1. Quantity of active life years

2. Quality-adjusted life years

3. Quality of active life years

4. Quantity ameliorated life years

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Employment

Question 2

B. Physical disability, depressed mood and gender

Question 3

B. In situations where the person cannot exert control

Question 4

A. It allows comparisons of Qol across different diseases

Question 5

D. All of the above

Question 6

B. Physical health

Question 7

A. Discomfort caused by illness

Question 8

D. None of the above

Question 9

C. Parkinson's disease

Question 10

D. More severe pain

Question 11

A. An individual's evaluation of life experience

Question 12

D. Passive euthanasia

Question 13

C. Because of their cognitive limitations and the use of proxy measures

Question 14

A. Response shift

Question 15

B. Quality-adjusted life years

What are the impacts and outcomes of illness from family and informal caregivers perspective? - ExamTests 15

MC-questions

Question 1

By 2037, the approximate 6.5 million informal caregivers is expected to increase to what number?

1. 7 million

2. 8 million

3. 9 million

4. 10 million

Question 2

60% of caregivers are children or children-in-law yet little is known about the long-term impact. For young caregivers however it can affect:

1. Potential future

2. Academic performance

3. Social life

4. All of the above

Question 3

Stress in the family is a pressure that can disrupt or change the ‘family system’. There are 3 stages in a continuum of adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson 1982) including:

1. Resistance, communication and consolidation

2. Resistance, restructuring and communication

3. Resistance, restructuring and consolidation

4. Communication, restructuring and condolidation

Question 4

There is a large body of evidence suggesting that care giving has a negative physiological consequence. What is it?

1. Reduced immune function

2. Increased white blood cells

3. Reduced red blood cells

4. Increased rates of diabetes

Question 5

Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. Banthia et al. (2003) reported that the quality of a relationship may __________ the effects of individual coping.

1. moderate

2. alter

3. become worse as a result of

4. benefit from

Question 6

In the study of caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease, improvements to their physical and mental health were associated with what of type coping response (Goode et al., 1998)?

1. Cognitive avoidance coping

2. Approach coping

3. Avoidant coping

4. Emotion-focused coping

Question 7

In Kiecolt-Glazer’s et al’s (1994) study of caregivers’ immune response to flu vaccine, roughly what percentage of care givers and non-care givers over the age of 70 years actually became immune to the flu vaccine?

1. 25 versus 35%

2. 25 versus 60%

3. 40 versus 60%

4. 55 versus 75%

Question 8

“I’m just my mom’s daughter son looking after her. But if I’m speaking to somebody I’ll say I’m her carer because that’s what I’m doing. It’s a role that I’m playing” is an example of a caregiver who has…

1. Enforced their identity

2. Rejected the caregiver identity

3. Absorbed a partial caregiver identity

4. Embraced the caregiver identity

Question 9

Caring satisfactions as identified by Kinney et l. (1995) and Kramer (1997) do NOT include:

1. Healthier lifestyle

2. Feeling useful

3. Increased feelings of closeness

4. Sense of fulfilment

Question 10

According to Orbell et al. (1993), what positive outcomes of caring have been identified?

1. Increased feelings of closeness

2. Feeling useful

3. Sense of fulfilment

4. All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following typical tasks identified by Carers UK (2014) are the most common?

1. Practical support and personal care tasks

2. Emotional support and personal care tasks

3. Emotional support and managing finances

4. Practical help and emotional support

Question 12

Filial piety refers to:

1. Gendered expectation of women to provide care

2. Gendered expectation for men to provide care

3. Obligation of taking care of younger family members

4. Obligation of taking care of older family members

Question 13

In Bennett and Connell's (1999) study of male heart attack patients and their spouses what was found to be the primary causes of anxiety for the caregiver?

1. Perceptions of not being able to cope effectively and not knowing their partners capabilities

2. Lack of a confidant and the perceived consequences of the heart attack

3. The perceived consequences of the heart attack and perceptions of not being able to cope effectively

4. Loss of freedom and the perceived consequences of the heart attack

Question 14

The underlying source of carer distress appear to result from subjective appraisals of an imbalance between demands and perceived resources, which may include what Wallander and Vami (1998) refer to as:

1. Resistance factors

2. Fight issues

3. Resistance aspects

4. Conflict factors

Question 15

Some social interactions can be detrimental to a care receiver's well-being. Indeed, certain types of interactions have been predictive of depression in individuals with HIV. Which of the following was not considered ‘unsupportive’ by Ingham et al. (1999)?

1. Disengaging behaviour

2. Forces optimism

3. Insensitvity

4. Frequent absence of carer

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. 9 million

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

C. Resistance, restructuring and consolidation

Question 4

A. Reduced immune function

Question 5

A. Moderate

Question 6

B. Approach coping

Question 7

B. 25 versus 60%

Question 8

C. Absorbed a partial caregiver identity

Question 9

A. Healthier lifestyle

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

D. Practical help and emotional support

Question 12

D. Obligation of taking care of older family members

Question 13

B. Lack of a confidant and the perceived consequences of the heart attack

Question 14

C. Resistance aspects

Question 15

D. Frequent absence of carer

What is pain and how to deal with pain? - ExamTests 16

MC-questions

Question 1

What are three key psychological factors the influence the experience of pain?

1. Perception, attention and cognition

2. Mood, perception and cognition

3. Mood, attention and perception

4. Mood, attention and cognition

Question 2

Nicholl et al. (2014) found high levels of _________ among people with chronic pain.

1. Worry

2. Depression

3. Optimism

4. Anxiety

Question 3

Pain management clinics may employ several types of health professionals. What would a physiotherapist assist with?

1. Day-to-day tasks

2. Medication

3. Exercise programmes

4. None of the above

Question 4

Pattern theory of pain specifically suggests that

1. Differing nerves trigger different sensations

2. Only some nerve fibres conduct pain sensations

3. Pain sensations occur only when the degree of nerve stimulation crosses a certain threshold

4. None of the above

Question 5

What of the following is true of patient-controlled analgesia?

1. It is effective, but only for adults

2. It is likely to be abused by people with existing opioid dependencies

3. It is unsage to use by people who are highly anxious about their pain

4. Its use is safe among all patient groups, including children and people with drug dependencies

Question 6

The opposite of the placebo response is known as the

1. nocebo response

2. reactive response

3. pain response

4. Molko response

Question 7

Which structure, hypothesized by Melzack, is thought to explain the experience of phantom limb pain?

1. The neuromatrix

2. The thalamic pain centre

3. The reticulospinal fibre matrix

4. The substantia gelatinosa

Question 8

What cluster of thoughts may decrease pain experience the most?

1. Belief that pain is caused by serious illness; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a long time

2. Belief that pain indicates serious health problems; that pain will be difficult to control; and the expectation that pain will last a long time

3. Belief that pain is caused by a minor problem; that pain will prove difficult to control; and that pain may last a long time

4. Belief that pain is caused by minor problem; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a short time

Question 9

Hanson and Gerber (1990) summarised some cognitive behavioural techniques that can be used during intense periods of pain. Which of the following did they not suggest?

1. Using positive self-talk

2. Listening to a relaxation tape

3. Employing reinforcement

4. Taking a long, hot shower

Question 10

Which of the following will influence the experience of pain?

1. Attributions concerning the cause of pain

2. Expectations of pain relief

3. Beliefs about the ability to tolerate pain

4. All of the above

Question 11

What are the three types of ‘gain’ in response to pain identified by Bokan et al. (1981)

1. Tertiary

2. Interpersonal

3. Intrapersonal

4. All of the above

Question 12

Ginandes et al. (2003) examined the effects of hypnosis on pain and wound healing after breast surgery. There were three conditions normal care (analgesia), sessions with a counsellor and hypnosis (including visualisation). Which group had the least pain and quickest wound recovery?

1. Sessions with a counsellor

2. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups

3. Hypnosis

4. Normal care

Question 13

A and C fibres transmit information to areas known as the substantia gelatinosa. These lie within

1. The thalamus

2. The dorsal horn of each part of the spinal column

3. The limbic system

4. The central vestibule of eacht part of the spinal column

Question 14

If a placebo follows treatment with an active drug, many patients will:

1. Experience similar levels of symptom relief

2. Experience similar levels of side effects

3. Experience a small reduaction in apparent effectiveness of the apparant drug

4. Only A and B

Question 15

Which of the following was not one of the five D’s identified by Brena and Chapman (1983) in the context of pain?

1. Dependency on mothers

2. Dramatizations of complaints

3. Drug misuse

4. Degenereation of muscular flexibility and strength

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Mood, attention and cognition

Question 2

B. Depression

Question 3

C. Exercise programmes

Question 4

C. Pain sensations occur only when the degree of nerve stimulation crosses a certain threshold

Question 5

D. Its use is safe among all patient groups, including children and people with drug dependencies

Question 6

A. Nocebo response

Question 7

A. The neuromatrix

Question 8

D. Belief that pain is caused by minor problem; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a short time

Question 9

C. Employing reinforcement

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

D. All of the above

Question 12

C. Hypnosis

Question 13

B. The dorsal horn of each part of the spinal column

Question 14

D. Only A and B

Question 15

D. Degenereation of muscular flexibility and strength

How can health and quality of life be improved?- ExamTests 17

MC-questions

Question 1

Although many patients benefit from being given a recording of a '''bad news''' interview, McHugh et al. (1995) found one group of individuals who may experience increased distress as a consequence. Identify the group.

1. Patients with poor reading skills

2. Patients with a poor prognosis

3. Patients with poor social support

4. All of the above

Question 2

Written emotional expression may bring about short-term increases in distress and depression. But in the mid-long term:

1. May bring about better "mood" in the long term

2. May bring about better physical health

3. May bring about fewer trips to the doctor

4. All of the above

Question 3

For cardiac patients, O’Neil et al. (2014) found that a combined cognitive behavioural intervention and a behavioural risk reduction programme delivered by telephone result in:

1. Better quality of life than standard

2. Lower levels of depression

3. Both A and B

4. None of the above

Question 4

Franek (2013) found ‘modest’ improvements in pain, disability, fatigue, depression and health-related quality of life among many conditions. Which of these were not included in the systematic review?

1. Arthritis

2. Diabetes

3. Stroke

4. Crohn's

Question 5

Jolly et al. (2007) compared use of the Heart Manual and its live equivalent, and found that

1. The live programme was most effective.

2. The two were comparable in their effectiveness.

3. The Heart Manual worked well, but only for people with high self-efficacy.

4. The Heart Manual worked well, but only for people with low levels of anxiety.

Question 6

In a systematic review of 11 educational programmes for people with asthma, Gibson, Coughlan, Wilson et al. (2000) concluded that

1. the interventions did not improve measures of medication use, doctor visits, hospitalisation and lung function.

2. the interventions increased knowledge.

3. the interventions improved measures of medication use, doctor visits, hospitalisation and lung function

4. Only A and B

Question 7

Langewitz et al.’s (1997) intensified functional insulin therapy:

1. Taught participants how it felt to have irregularities in their blood sugar levels as a consequence of eating differing meals

2. Taught participants how it felt to have irregularities in their blood sugar levels as a consequence of exercise

3. Involved a strong educational component

4. All of the above

Question 8

What types of information provision may be of benefit to medical patients?

1. How to change behaviour in order to improve their prognosis

2. How to cope with their illenss or its treatment

3. The nature of their illness

4. All of the above

Question 9

How effective was the ENRICH'D programme in reducing the re-occurrence of heart attack?

1. Not effective at all

2. Treatment made things worse

3. Moderately effective: 9% reduction compared to a control group

4. Highly effective: 15% reduction compared to a control group

Question 10

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators can result in fear among people who have never received a shock as a consequence of :

1. Classical conditioning

2. Expectations of a shock

3. Operant conditioning

4. Both A and B

Question 11

The primary goals of psychological interventions in medical patients are to

1. reduce distress.

2. improve disease management.

3. reduce the risk of future disease or disease progression.

4. All of the above.

Question 12

According to Henderson et al. (2013) a mindfulness-based intervention proved beneficial for women in early stage breast cancer receiving radiotherapy. Which of these factors did it not improve?

1. Helplessness

2. Depression

3. Social isolation

4. Hostility

Question 13

Self-management programmes:

1. Provide a didactic one-to-one teaching programme

2. Provide group interventions to maximise learning from observation of others

3. Work individually with patients to enhance skills acquisition

4. Provide didactic teaching in group contexts

Question 14

Which of the following was not a key element of self-management training programmes for people with arthritis developed by Lorig

1. Managing the emotional outcomes of medical conditions

2. Improving mobility and exercise levels

3. Working with doctors and the health care team

4. Effective use of medication

Question 15

Lo et al. (2010) evaluated a computer-based learning education programme to Taiwanese patients with significant burn injuries. They reported significant benefits on measures of what?

1. Anxiety

2. Knowledge

3. Use of pressure garments

4. All of the above

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Patients with a poor prognosis

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

C. Both A and B

Question 4

D. Crohn's

Question 5

B. The two were comparable in their effectiveness.

Question 6

D. Only A and B

Question 7

D. All of the above

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

A. Not effective at all

Question 10

B. Expectations of a shock

Question 11

D. All of the above.

Question 12

C. Social isolation

Question 13

B. Provide group interventions to maximise learning from observation of others

Question 14

A. Managing the emotional outcomes of medical conditions

Question 15

D. All of the above

What is the future perspective of health psychology? - ExamTests 18

MC-questions

Question 1

The British Psychological Society Division of Health Psychology identifies the key roles of health psychologists as

1. the prevention and management of illness

2. the promotion and maintenance of health

3. the improvement of the health care system

4. All of the above

Question 2

Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. According to Murray and Campbell (2003), health psychology needs to encompass ______ aspects of health and healthcare.

1. sociocultural

2. political

3. economic

4. All of the above

Question 3

Any intervention designed to optimise patients' responses to the onset of illness may benefit from a number of elements. They are

1. Teaching coping skills to help people cope more effectively with the stress of living with a serious illness.

2. Identification of illness beliefs and attempts to change them if they are either inadequate or incorrect.

3. Behavioural hypothesis testing to disconfirm any inappropriate beliefs an individual may hold.

4. All of the above

Question 4

Vicarious learning in the context of health behaviour change involves

1. being motivated by negative information.

2. being given information to change relevant attitudes.

3. gaining the confidence to change through observing coping models.

4. learning from our mistakes.

Question 5

Fordyce (1982) suggested that pain programmes should

1. ignore pain-related behaviours.

2. administer pain relief on a regular base.

3. reward non-pain related behaviours.

4. All of the above.

Question 6

The Australian Psychology Society's division of health psychology identified which of the following as areas of specialism for health psychologists?

1. Clinical health

2. Health promotion

3. Epidemiology

4. Only A and B

Question 7

A criticism of health psychology made by Schwarz and Carpenter (1999) is that health psychology

1. does not focus sufficiently on macro-level determinants of health.

2. focuses too much on individuals level, determinants of health.

3. does note yet have the technology to change behaviours in large populations.

4. Only A and B.

Question 8

Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. The Australian Psychology Society (APS) division of health psychology identified the areas of specialism of health psychologists as:

1. Using psychological treatment for problems that often accompany ill health and injury, such as anxiety, depression, pain, addiction, sleep and eating problems.

2. Development and provision of programmes that assist in the prevention of illnesses such as heart attacks, stroke, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, smoking-related-illness and dietary-related problems.

3. Designing public health education programs in areas such as exercise and alcohol, cigarette and drug consumption.

4. All of the above.

Question 9

Which of the following is unlikely to underpin any health psychology intervention?

1. Theory of planned behaviour

2. Health attitude theory

3. Social cognition theory

4. Health action process

Question 10

What is the body responsible for establishing care guidelines in the UK?

1. The Guideline Compliance Authority

2. The Guideline Practice Committee

3. The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence

4. The National Institute of Clinical Policy

Question 11

Which of the following factors highlighted by DiMatteo (2004) should be considered when attempting to change young people's behaviour?

1. Building trust between patient and health professional

2. Consideration of specific beliefs and attitudes about treatment needs and goals

3. Gaining and encouraging family commitment to treatment and within-family communication if problems with treatment arise

4. All of the above

Question 12

According to work conducted by Abraham et al. (2002), what fraction of safer-sex leaflets used two or less of twenty information categories designed to influence behaviour?

1. A third

2. Two thirds

3. A quarter

4. A half

Question 13

Which of the following individual factors may influence adherence to clinical guidelines?

1. Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the treatment

2. Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the condition

3. Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the target behaviour

4. All of the above

Question 14

What is the generic term for ensuring the evidence concerning the effectiveness and applicability of various health psychology interventions in practice?

1. Empirically validated interventions

2. Evidence-based practice

3. National initiative on care for elderly (NICE) validated intervention

4. None of the above

Question 15

The key message of the health belief model is that we have to persuade people that

1. they will be supported in any attempts at behavioural change.

2. the benefits of health behaviour change outweigh the benefits of not changing.

3. they are able to achieve long-term behavioural change.

4. behavioural change will result in a health gain.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. All of the above

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

D. All of the above

Question 4

C. Gaining the confidence to change through observing coping models.

Question 5

D. All of the above.

Question 6

D. Only A and B

Question 7

D. Only A and B.

Question 8

D. All of the above.

Question 9

B. Health attitude theory

Question 10

C. The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence

Question 11

D. All of the above

Question 12

B. Two thirds

Question 13

D. All of the above

Question 14

B. Evidence-based practice

Question 15

B. The benefits of health behaviour change outweigh the benefits of not changing.