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IBP 2017-2018
The self
Often, others are better at predicting our behavior than us, because we know all our intentions and motives, they only see the outcome
How we present ourselves:
Self-knowledge
Personal-versus-social identity continuum
Self-definitions
Future possible selves
Self-control
Self-esteem
Social comparison
Self-serving biases
Prejudice and discrimination
Stereotype threat
References:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
--Chapter 4
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Introduction:
Social psychology: the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior, feelings, and thoughts in social situations
Four of the most important values that all fields must adopt to be considered scientific in nature:
Why do social psychologists adopt the scientific method?
Because “common sense” provides an unreliable guide to social behavior and because our personal thought is influenced by many potential sources of bias.
Social Cognition:
Social Cognition: how we think about other people and the social world
Given our limited cognitive capacity, we often experience information overload. To cope with this condition, we use heuristics (simple rules of thumb for making decisions in a quick and relatively effortless manner)
Heuristics:
Schemas: basic components of social cognition. These mental frameworks, formed through experience, help us to organize social information. Once formed, schemas exert powerful effects on what we notice (attention), enter into memory (encoding), and later remember (retrieval).
Controlled vs Automatic processing
Controlled processing: occurs in a systematic, logical, and highly effortful manner
.....read more
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Social perception
Social perception: the process through which we seek to know other people
Nonverbal communication: an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, and touching
Attribution: efforts to understand why people have acted as they have
Jones and Davis’s theory of correspondent inference: we attempt to infer others’ traits from observing certain aspects of their behavior
Kelley’s covariation theory: we are interested in whether others’ behavior stems from internal or external causes
Other dimensions of causal attribution:
Action identification: The interpretation we place on an act in terms of differing degrees of abstraction
Correspondence bias: the tendency to explain others’ actions as stemming from their dispositions (internal), even in the presence of clear situational causes (external)
Actor–observer effect: the tendency to attribute our own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal
.....read moreIBP 2017-2018
The self
Often, others are better at predicting our behavior than us, because we know all our intentions and motives, they only see the outcome
How we present ourselves:
Self-knowledge
Personal-versus-social identity continuum
Self-definitions
Future possible selves
Self-control
Self-esteem
Social comparison
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Attitudes: evaluations that can color our experience of virtually any aspect of the world
Explicit: Consciously accessible and easy to report
Implicit: Not consciously accessible or controllable
Social learning: many of our views are acquired by interacting with others, or simply observing their behavior
Social networks: sets of individuals with whom we interact on a regular basis
Social comparison: our tendency to compare ourselves with others to determine whether our view of social reality is or is not correct
Link between attitudes and behavior:
Persuasion: efforts to change attitudes through the use of message
Maintaining current attitudes
Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state that occurs when we notice discrepancies between our attitudes and our behavior
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Discriminatory treatment can be:
People are risk averse with potential losses having greater psychological impact than potential gains
Gender stereotypes: beliefs about the different attributes that males and females possess
Tokenism: acceptance of only a few members of a particular group
Scales
Stereotypes are resistant to change, but they are revised as the relations between the groups are altered
Prejudice: an attitude (usually negative) toward members of a social group
Social identity theory: prejudice is derived from our tendency to divide the world into “us” and “them” and to view our own group more favorably than various outgroups
Modern racism: more subtle form of discrimination
Bona fide
.....read moreSocial and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Liking, loving, and other close relationships
Interpersonal attraction: refers to the evaluations we make of other people, our attitudes towards them
Proximity: nearness to each other
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
Love
The attachment styles in childhood (secure, fearful-avoidant, preoccupied, and dismissing) influence the nature of other relationships
Affiliation: the motivation to interact with other people in a cooperative way
References:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
--Chapter 7
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Social influence
Social influence: efforts by one or more people to change the behavior, attitudes, or feelings of one or more others
Forms of influence:
Conformity: efforts to change others’ behavior through norms about how to behave in a given situation
Compliance: efforts to change others’ behavior through direct requests
Obedience: following direct orders or commands from others
Unintentional social influence: influence that occurs when other people change our behavior without intending to do so
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Prosocial behavior: Helping others
Empathy: the capacity to be able to experience others’ emotional states, feel sympathetic toward them, and take their perspective
Motives for prosocial behavior:
Helping between strangers
When are we likely to help?
When are we not likely to help?
An important factor determining how recipients react to help is the motivation underlying such behavior:
Crowdfunding: allows individuals to make financial contributions to entrepreneurs, to help them start new companies
Men and women
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Aggression
Aggression is the intentional infliction of harm on others
Theories:
Frustration is a strong elicitor of aggression only under certain limited conditions. In contrast, provocation from others is a powerful elicitor of aggression
Exposure to media violence and playing violent video games increases aggression
Men appear to be more likely than women to engage in physical aggression, but the two genders do not differ significantly in terms of verbal aggression
When does aggression increase?
Bullying: repeated aggression against individuals who are unable to defend themselves against such treatment
Ways to reduce aggression:
References:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
--Chapter 9
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Groups and Individuals – The consequences of belonging
Groups: collections of people who perceive themselves as forming a cohesive unit to some degree
Basic aspects of groups involve:
The benefits of being part of a group
When do individuals withdraw from a group?
Intergroup sensitivity effect: Ingroup critics are tolerated more than outgroup critics because they are seen as having the ingroup’s interests at heart
Audience and performance:
Social loafing: reduced output by each group member especially on additive tasks where member contributions are combined
Influence of crowds
Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life
Stress: a contributing factor to psychological and physical health problems
Loneliness: when a person has fewer and less satisfying relationships than desired
Discrimination
Improving mental health
Is the legal system fair?
Happiness: often referred to as subjective well-being with four basic components:
Several factors consistently account for a nations’ average happiness levels:
On being happy:
References:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition)
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