Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Prosocial behavior: Helping others
Empathy: the capacity to be able to experience others’ emotional states, feel sympathetic toward them, and take their perspective
- Emotional empathy: involves sharing the feelings and emotions of others
- Empathic accuracy: perceiving others’ thoughts and feelings accurately
- Empathic concern: involves feelings of concern for another’s well-being
Motives for prosocial behavior:
- Empathy-altruism hypothesis: we help those in need because we experience empathic concern for them
- Negative-state relief model: people help other people in order to relieve and make less negative their own emotional discomfort
- Empathic joy hypothesis: helping stems from the positive reactions recipients show when they receive help (e.g., gifts) and the positive feelings this, in turn, induces in helpers.
- Competitive altruism theory: we help others as a means of increasing our own status and reputation
- Kin selection theory: we help others who are related to us because this increases the likelihood that our genes will be transmitted to future generations
- Defensive helping: reducing the threat posed by outgroups to our own ingroup
Helping between strangers
- Diffusion of responsibility: the more bystanders present as witnesses to an emergency, the less likely each of them is to provide help and the greater the delay before help occurs
- Pluralistic ignorance: the tendency for an individual surrounded by a group of strangers to refrain from acting
- Because the bystanders depends on the others to provide cues for appropriate action, no one does anything.
When are we likely to help?
- When the other is similar to us
- Being exposed to a prosocial model
- Playing prosocial videogames
When are we not likely to help?
- Social exclusion: being excluded from others makes us less likely to be empathetic
- Darkness: feeling of anonymity
- Putting an economic value on our time: time used in helping others can’t be used for other activities, including ones that generate income
An important factor determining how recipients react to help is the motivation underlying such behavior:
- If it seems to stem from internal motives (e.g., a genuine desire to help), positive feelings and reactions may result
- If it stems from external motives (i.e., the helper felt obligated to extend assistance), reactions tend to be far less favorable
Crowdfunding: allows individuals to make financial contributions to entrepreneurs, to help them start new companies
Men and women
- Do not differ in prosocial behavior overall
- Women are more likely to engage in prosocial actions when these involve people with whom they personal relationships than with strangers
Reference:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
--Chapter 9
Join with a free account for more service, or become a member for full access to exclusives and extra support of WorldSupporter >>
Social and Organizational psychology bundle
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Introduction & Social cognition- ch 1 and 2
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Social perception- ch 3
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - The self- ch 4
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Attitudes- ch 5
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination -ch 6
- IBP Social Psychology Summary -Liking, loving, and other close relationships -ch 7
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Social influence - ch 8
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Prosocial behavior- ch 9
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Aggression - ch 10
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Groups and Individuals- ch 11
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life -ch 12
Contributions: posts
Spotlight: topics
Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
How and why use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?
- For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
- For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
- For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
- For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
- For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
Using and finding summaries, notes and practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the summaries home pages for your study or field of study
- Use the check and search pages for summaries and study aids by field of study, subject or faculty
- Use and follow your (study) organization
- by using your own student organization as a starting point, and continuing to follow it, easily discover which study materials are relevant to you
- this option is only available through partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- Use the menu above each page to go to the main theme pages for summaries
- Theme pages can be found for international studies as well as Dutch studies
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Main summaries home pages:
- Business organization and economics - Communication and marketing -International relations and international organizations - IT, logistics and technology - Law and administration - Leisure, sports and tourism - Medicine and healthcare - Pedagogy and educational science - Psychology and behavioral sciences - Society, culture and arts - Statistics and research
- Summaries: the best textbooks summarized per field of study
- Summaries: the best scientific articles summarized per field of study
- Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms per field of study
- Exams: home page for exams, exam tips and study tips
Main study fields:
Business organization and economics, Communication & Marketing, Education & Pedagogic Sciences, International Relations and Politics, IT and Technology, Law & Administration, Medicine & Health Care, Nature & Environmental Sciences, Psychology and behavioral sciences, Science and academic Research, Society & Culture, Tourisme & Sports
Main study fields NL:
- Studies: Bedrijfskunde en economie, communicatie en marketing, geneeskunde en gezondheidszorg, internationale studies en betrekkingen, IT, Logistiek en technologie, maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies, pedagogiek en onderwijskunde, rechten en bestuurskunde, statistiek, onderzoeksmethoden en SPSS
- Studie instellingen: Maatschappij: ISW in Utrecht - Pedagogiek: Groningen, Leiden , Utrecht - Psychologie: Amsterdam, Leiden, Nijmegen, Twente, Utrecht - Recht: Arresten en jurisprudentie, Groningen, Leiden
JoHo can really use your help! Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world
1982 |
Add new contribution