Examtests with Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund - 8th edition

What is the background of the study of psychology? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions

Question 1

Which philosophy can be seen as opposite to empiricism?

1. Dualism
2. Materialism
3. Expirism
4. Nativism

Question 2

In his dualistic philosophy, Descartes assumed that behavior that humans and animals have in common (such as being able to move) must have been caused by ... and not by ...

1. the soul; the body
2. the muscles; the senses
3. the body; the soul
4. the senses; the muscles

Question 3

The ideas of Thomas Hobbes contributed to the development of a philosophy known as empiricism. The following is central to empiricism:

1. Elemental ideas are innate and do not have to be acquired through experiences.
2. All human knowledge ultimately comes from sensory perception.
3. The observable actions of humans and animals must be studied, not the sensory perception.
4. No relationship can be made between human thinking and human experiences.

Question 4

Gray deals with a number of foundations for scientific psychology. Which of the following principles is included? The idea that ...

1. ... thoughts and feelings can be traced to brain processes.
2. ... the human body that produces behavior and mental processes is the result of natural selection.
3. ... the way an individual behaves is influenced by his environment during life.

Question 5

Descartes proposed a version of dualism in which an important step was taken to psychology as a science. However, this version is not suitable as a basis for current psychology, because ...

1. ... according to this version the body and mind are two separate systems.
2. ... according to this version all behavior occurs from physical functions.
3. ... according to this version, thinking cannot be scientifically investigated.

Question 6

According to materialism you can…

1. … study because it is caused by neurons.
2. ... do not study, because the mind does not exist, everything is matter and energy.
3. ... see it as something that does not exist.

Question 7

Human behavior can be studied from different perspectives within psychology. A psychologist who in her research into sexual jealousy emphasizes the role of our beliefs and interpretations has apparently opted for a….

1. Genetic approach
2. Neuro approach
3. Cognitive-psychological approach
4. Developmental psychological approach

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three fundamental ideas in psychology?

Question 2

Choose the three correct answers. Biology investigates behavior at the following levels:

1. The neural level.
2. The cognitive level.
3. The cultural level.
4. The evolutionary level.
5. The genetic level.
6. The level of development.
7. The social level.

Question 3

Does the term 'association by contiguity' belong to empiricism or nativism? Explain.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Nativism

Question 2

C. the body; the soul

Question 3

B. All human knowledge ultimately comes from sensory perception.

Question 4

A. ... thoughts and feelings can be traced to brain processes.

Question 5

C. ... according to this version, thinking cannot be scientifically investigated.

Question 6

A. … study because it is caused by neurons.

Question 7

C. Cognitive-psychological approach

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Behavior ultimately has a physical cause that can be scientifically investigated.

• The way a person behaves is strongly influenced by his environment.
• The human body was created through natural selection (and that body provides the mental experiences that we investigate in psychology).

Question 2

The neural level, the evolutionary level and the genetic level.

Question 3

This understanding is part of the mindset of the empiricists, who argue that everything that people learn comes from the information we receive from our senses, from the experiences we gain (nativists think that there is certain knowledge with which one is born, and that does not have to be learned). The concept of 'association by contiguity' means that we learn associations when events occur one after the other. So we learn this thanks to our sensory experiences (and is not innate).

What different methods are there in the field of psychology? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions

Question 1

In a primary school, children are tested for their social skills and questions are asked about their leisure activities. The research shows that children who watch soap operas a lot are more socially competent than children who do so less. The researchers recommend that children should watch soap operas more to stimulate their social skills. This recommendation is…. because this is about ... research.

1. justified; experimental.
2. justified; correlational.
3. not justified; experimental.
4. not justified; correlational.

Question 2

In science, "scepticism" means:

1. Refusing to believe a theory that contradicts data from previous research.
2. Searching for alternative explanations and evidence that can refute a theory, even if it is your own theory.
3. Careful observation and accurate recording of data.
4. Have no personal prejudices ('biases') or beliefs.

Question 3

The behavior of Clever Hans, a horse that seemed to be able to count, turned out to be largely attributable to ...

1. ... test leader sees what he wants to see (observer bias).
2. ... interpretation errors (inferential bias).
3. … test leader expectations (observer-expectancy effects).

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

1. Hypotheses support facts, hypotheses are derived from theories.
2. Facts support hypotheses, hypotheses are derived from theories.
3. Hypotheses support facts and are derived from theories.

Question 5

With a correlational study you cannot…

1. … test causal hypotheses.
2. ... make statements about relationships.
3. ... calculate strength of relationships.

Question 6

In a driving proficiency study, a researcher uses two conditions. In the alcohol condition, test subjects will receive an alcoholic snack before their driving skills will be measured; in the non-alcohol condition they will receive a glass of soda. Subjects can choose themselves in which condition they are classified. What can you say about this setup? There is talk of ...

1. ... bias and that actually makes the results unusable.
2. ... the regression effect and this makes the results less reliable.
3. ... observer bias and this ensures that the results can be interpreted less well.

Question 7

A researcher trains a group of participants in an experiment to use a certain solution strategy; another group of participants does not receive training. Both groups must then solve 15 problems in 30 minutes. The researcher registers the number of correctly solved problems. What is the dependent variable in the above experiment?

1. The number of correctly solved problems.
2. The solution strategy.
3. Whether or not to receive training.

Question 8

Recently in the news: Research involving 645 children who were members of a club and 679 children who were not, shows that membership of a club has positive effects on children. Children who are members of a club perform better at school, they use fewer drugs and alcohol and they connect with 'gangs' less often than children who are not members of a club. The positive effects are due to the fact that the children get a stronger self-image and therefore a greater self-confidence when they are involved in a club. The clubs that are being investigated are the so-called 'Boys and Girls Clubs'. These institutions can best be compared with youth centers in the Netherlands. Access to these clubs is free.

Based on the above information you can conclude that ...

1. … It is right to conclude that membership of a club leads to better school performance, but it is wrongly concluded that this is due to a stronger self-image and a higher self-confidence, since school performance is, but constructs such as self-image and self-confidence are not directly measurable.
2. ... it is wrongly concluded that membership of a club has positive effects on children.
3. ... it is right to conclude that better school performance is due to a stronger self-image and greater self-confidence.

Question 9

We call a conceptual model to explain existing facts a:

1. Hypothesis
2. Theory
3. Prediction
4. Speculation

Question 10

In a double-blind study:

1. The researcher knows nothing about the purpose of the research.
2. The participant does not know anything about the purpose of the study.
3. Both the researcher and the participant know nothing of the purpose of the research.
4. Both the people who enter the data into the computer, the researcher and the participant know nothing about the purpose of the research.

Question 11

With which term do we describe the systematic influence of a variable other than the construct to be measured in cognitive tests?

1. Assimilation
2. Bias
3. Reliability

Question 12

Suppose a company measures the personality of employees with a test that measures how quickly people can type a piece of text. The test is always performed under the same conditions and always delivers the same results with repeated sampling. However, a psychologist examining the test comes to the conclusion that it is a bad test. The test does not measure what the test should measure, namely personality. What is wrong according to the psychologist?

1. The test is not reliable.
2. The test is invalid.
3. The test is not standardized.

Question 13

If a test is said to show bias , it means that this test ...

1. ... systematically disadvantage or favor certain groups.
2. ... measures something other than what he says he measures.
3. ... has outdated standards.

Open questions

Question 1

In psychology, descriptive and inferential statistics are used. What is the difference between these types of statistics?

Question 2

What is statistical significant? Which three things are especially important if you want to make a significant test?

Question 3

What lessons can psychology learn from the case of the horse Smart Hans?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. not justified; correlational.

Question 2

B. Searching for alternative explanations and evidence that can refute a theory, even if it is your own theory.

Question 3

C. … test leader expectations (observer-expectancy effects).

Question 4

B. Facts support hypotheses, hypotheses are derived from theories.

Question 5

A. … test causal hypotheses.

Question 6

A. ... bias and that actually makes the results unusable.

Question 7

A. The number of correctly solved problems.

Question 8

B. ... it is wrongly concluded that membership of a club has positive effects on children.

Question 9

B. Theory

Question 10

C. Both the researcher and the participant know nothing of the purpose of the research.

Question 11

B. Bias

Question 12

B. The test is invalid.

Question 13

A. ... systematically disadvantage or favor certain groups.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize large amounts of data. Inferential statistics are used to examine the extent to which it can be assumed that the results of an investigation were not due to chance.

Question 2

Mathematically, statistical significance means that the p is less than 0.05. In an experiment this means that the chance that the results found are caused by chance is less than 0.05. This is very important for researchers. To guarantee statistical significance, they can pay attention to the following:

• The size of the observed effect. The greater the effect, the smaller the chance that it is caused by chance.
• The number of individual observations. The larger the group, the smaller the chance of unexamined causes for the effect.
• The variability of the data within each group. The less variability, the better.

Question 3

• Always remain sceptical.
• Always experiment with controlled variables to prevent other influences.
• Beware of observer-expectancy effects (= the expectation of certain behavior)!

How do genetics and evolution form the foundation for behavior? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions

Question 1

If the genetic influence on a certain trait can be attributed to the combined effect of a large number of genes, then we call that trait ...

1. dominant.
2. recessive.
3. heterozygous.
4. polygenic.

Question 2

Clear altruistic acts where non-family members are helped just as often as family members can best be explained by ...

1. the 'kin selection' theory.
2. the 'reciprocity' theory.
3. both the 'kin selection' and the 'reciprocity' theory.
4. social Darwinism.

Question 3

According to the theory of evolution, the statement 'worms have evolved as far as humans' ...

1. ... true.
2. ... not true.

Question 4

Which statement about the relative influence of genes and environment on a person's behavior is true?

1. It is not possible to say whether the influence of genes or the influence of the environment is greatest.
2. The influence of genes is greatest.
3. The influence of both is equally strong.

Question 5

Analogies between behavior of different species provide valuable clues for…

1. ... seeing the functions and value of the survival of the species.
2. ... finding out the evolutionary history of a certain behavior within a species.
3. ... understanding the evolutionary function of certain behaviors.

Question 6

What is meant by mitosis?

1. Cell division whereby new cells are produced other than egg or sperm cells.
2. Process whereby a new cell is produced, merging as an egg and sperm cell.
3. Cell division whereby egg or sperm cells are produced.
4. The process by which the genetic predisposition is expressed.

Question 7

What is functionalism?

1. Functionalism is a direction within psychology in which the functions of an individual are studied when the individual is interacting with the environment.
2. Functionalism is a direction within psychology with the starting point that all physical experiences can be understood as a combination of elements.
3. Functionalism is a direction within psychology in which the focus is on the content of consciousness.
4. Functionalism is a direction within psychology based on the principle that one studies systematically the functions of one's own behavior.

Open questions

Question 1

Natural selection can take place due to the great variability in genes that living beings have. What are the two causes for this variability?

Question 2

What is the difference between distal and proximate explanations of behavior?

Question 3

What does the kin selection theory entail?

Question 4

Describe the two most important misunderstandings that often arise in views about the nature or implications of biological evolution.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. polygenic.

Question 2

B. the 'reciprocity' theory.

Question 3

A. ... true.

Question 4

A. It is not possible to say whether the influence of genes or the influence of the environment is greatest.

Question 5

C. ... understanding the evolutionary function of certain behaviors.

Question 6

A. Cell division whereby new cells are produced other than egg or sperm cells.

Question 7

D. Functionalism is a direction within psychology based on the principle that one studies systematically the functions of one's own behavior.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

• In sexual reproduction, all genes are randomly restructured. This makes countless combinations of genes possible.
• Mutations are genetic errors that occur during the reproduction of DNA. They ensure that the DNA is not exactly the same as the original, thereby promoting variability.

Question 2

Distal explanations look at the meaning of behavior for reproduction or survival. Proximate explanations attempt to explain behavior based on causes in the immediate environment. An example from the book talks about a singing bird trying to seduce a female. A distal explanation for this would be that the male wants to reproduce. A proximate explanation could be that the sun is shining, the sex hormones in the male are thereby activated and the male starts singing.

Question 3

Kin selection theory means that cooperative behavior towards blood relatives is caused because an individual wants their genes to survive, and a blood relative is most similar to the individual in terms of genes. In fact, altruism is a form of survival urge (for what ultimately naturally survives is the genes of the individual, and not himself).

Question 4

• Everything that comes from nature is moral. This is not true. In nature things are not good or bad, they are just there.
• Genes determine the behavior completely and independently of the environment in which the animal / person grows up. This is not true. Genes and environment determine behavior in a continuous interaction.

How do neurons control behavior? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions

Question 1

Someone who reports that he has done some shopping and says: "Buy milk shop". This person probably has ...

1. a disorder in the Wernicke area ("Wernicke's aphasia").
2. had a 'split brain' operation.
3. damage in the hippocampus.
4. a disorder in the Broca area ('Broca's aphasia').

Question 2

While you were almost asleep, you suddenly heard a scratch on your window. At that moment your heart started pounding faster. Which part of your nervous system is responsible for this reaction?

1. The parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.
2. The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.
3. The 'skeletal motor' system.
4. The cerebellum.

Question 3

Neurotransmitters ...

1. transfer an action potential from the dendrite via the cell body to the axon.
2. influence the speed at which the action potential moves along the axon.
3. transfer the nerve impulse from the end nodes ('terminal buttons') via the synaptic cleft ('synaptic cleft') to the dendrite of another nerve cell.
4. are chemical messengers that activate specific areas of the brain through the blood.

Question 4

Action potentials of a specific neuron ...

1. ... differ in strength.
2. ... are all equally strong.
3. ... decrease in strength if there is firing several times.

Question 5

Which description fits the long-term potentiation phenomenon?

1. If a postsynaptic neuron fires immediately after a presynaptic neuron fires, the connection between the two neurons is strengthened.
2. If a postsynaptic neuron fires just after a presynaptic neuron has fired, the connection between the two neurons is weakened.
3. If a presynaptic neuron fires just after a postsynaptic neuron has fired, the connection between the two neurons is weakened.

Question 6

The brain stem regulates things like ...

1. ... balance and coordination.
2. ... heart rate and breathing.
3. ... temperature and concentration.

Question 7

Research has shown that the ... is greater for London taxi drivers (who need to know the map of London by heart) than for comparable people from a control group who are not a taxi driver.

1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland
3. hippocampus

Question 8

A presynaptic neuron is ...

1. ... a neuron that receives the message.
2. ... a neuron from which the message comes.
3. ... a neuron that functions as an interneuron.

Question 9

Which neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles?

1. Sensory neurons
2. Motor neurons
3. Interneurons
4. Muscle neurons

Question 10

The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ and the parasympathetic nervous system for _____.

1. the control of the glands; the smooth muscle control
2. positive feedback; negative feedback
3. the recovery of homeostasis; activating the body
4. an increase in body activity; restoring body activity to normal

Question 11

The autonomic nervous system has a sympathetic and parasympathetic division, where ...

1. the sympathetic division directs the routine processes of bodily functions ('the household of the body controls').
2. the sympathetic division prepares the body to respond to stress.
3. the parasympathetic division controls the secretion of adrenaline.
4. the parasympathetic division prepares the body to respond to stress.

Question 12

Which area in the brain is associated with motor aphasia?

1. The area of ​​Broca
2. The area of Lashly
3. The area of ​​Wernicke

Open questions

Question 1

Describe what an action potential is and what happens during an action potential.

Question 2

Name the most important parts of (most) neurons.

Question 3

What is the resting potential?

Question 4

You want to know at which precise place in the brain activity takes place. Which method can you use best for this, and why?

Question 5

Which part of the brain can be compared to a relay station?

Question 6

What is the difference between Broca's aphasia and Werknicke's aphasia?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. a disorder in the Broca area ('Broca's aphasia').

Question 2

B. If a postsynaptic neuron fires immediately after a presynaptic neuron fires, the connection between the two neurons is strengthened.

Question 3

C

Question 4

B

Question 5

A

Question 6

B

Question 7

C

Question 8

B

Question 9

B

Question 10

D

Question 11

B

Question 12

A

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

An action potential is a current of changes in the electrical voltage along the membrane that rapidly passes from the end of the axon to the other. The sodium channels in the membrane open during an action potential. Due to the higher concentration of sodium outside the cell and the electrical power of the positive outside, sodium is pushed into the cell. This creates an equal electrical voltage inside and outside the membrane, this is called the depolarization phase. As soon as this happens, the sodium channels close, but the potassium channels remain open. Due to the higher concentration of potassium in the cell and the electrical force of the temporarily positive interior, the potassium is pushed out of the cell.

Question 2

A neuron in most cases has a cell body, which covers the largest surface. The body consists of a cell nucleus and a number of other structures. Furthermore, neurons often have dendrites, wires that receive information from other cells. Axons are other wires on a neuron that actually send information to other cells. They do this via the axon terminal.

Question 3

The resting potential means that the neuron has an electrically negative charge (of -70 mV). The resting potential is maintained by the potassium-sodium pump and by forces related to concentration and charge. Sodium enters the cell, and that ultimately causes a resting potential to turn into an action potential.

Question 4

For this measurement you can use the best functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By measuring electric fields, the activity of all parts of the entire brain can be viewed, not just the activity directly under the skull, as with an EEG. An EEG measurement is more useful if you want to know exactly when a certain activity takes place, instead of where.

Question 5

This is the thalamus, a small area that connects different parts of the brain. For example, it passes on information from the sensory pathways to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

Question 6

They are both forms of speech impairment. Broca's aphasia uses a telegraphic form of talking. People only use essential words, but cannot make normal sentences. For example 'go to the store to get bread'. Wernicke's aphasia can be seen as opposed. It is not possible to come up with the right words and terms, but the speech remains fluent. This ends in a meaningless stream of words.

What are the mechanisms of motivation and emotion? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions

Question 1

When we focus on a stimulus or try to solve a problem, our EEG shows a pattern called "beta-waves". This pattern is characterized by ... and is probably the result of ...

1. fast, irregular waves; the non-synchronized firing of neurons
2. slow, irregular waves; the synchronized firing of neurons
3. fast, irregular waves; the synchronized firing of neurons
4. slow, steady waves; the non-synchronized firing of neurons

Question 2

Which statement about the amygdala is incorrect?

1. the amygdala is the "rapid warning system" in the brain.
2. the amygdala receives signals via a subcortical route and via a cortical route.
3. the amygdala only responds to consciously observed stimuli.
4. the amygdala is part of the lymphatic system.

Question 3

With laugh therapy it is assumed that you will become happier by laughing. According to Ekman's facial feedback theory, the following applies here:

1. ... laughter also causes feelings of happiness.
2. ... laughing muscles give feedback via a fast route through the frontal lobes on processes in a slower route in the amygdala.
3. ... emotion can initially be disconnected from the actual state of mind, whereby ultimately the emotion is also experienced.

Question 4

Research in monkeys shows that differences in the brain between males and females that are associated with sexual behavior are determined by the presence or absence of… around the…

1. dopamine; adolescence
2. testosterone; adolescence
3. testosterone; birth

Question 5

Emotion and expression are closely linked. Yet someone can adopt a poker face despite the fact that this person experiences very intense emotions. This is possible because ...

1. ... the control of facial muscles can be consciously controlled and emotions are always a reflex.
2. ... it takes some time to form a facial expression. This creates space for other signals and / or control.
3. ... emotion and expression can be controlled separately.

Question 6

Research into the psychobiological background of behavior shows that sexual behavior in women is probably mainly determined by…

1. … male sex hormones (testosterone).
2. ... the state of mind in which she finds herself.
3. ... neurotransmitters such as dopamine.

Question 7

With laugh therapy you have to pretend that you are smiling, even if you don't feel like it at all. The claim is that it will make you happier. Is that correct?

1. Yes, because the facial muscles give feedback to the brain.
2. Yes, because this makes you relax and that gives you a positive feeling.
3. Yes, because then the lucky hormone endorphin is produced.

Question 8

What is meant by the theory of maintenance and protection of sleep?

1. The function of sleep is to conserve energy at times when being awake is of little value and potentially dangerous.
2. The function of sleep is to restore exhaustion caused by daytime efforts.
3. The function of sleep is to consolidate memories, especially during REM sleep.
4. The function of sleep is to maintenance of the brain.

Question 9

Before conditioning, dopamine will be released when receiving food, so that a relationship is established between the food and what preceded it. After completion of the conditioning, dopamine will be released in response to the bubble, so that a relationship is established between the sound of the bubble and the circumstances in which the bubble sounds.

1. When the animal is conditioned, dopamine is released into the nucleus accumbens as soon as the animal receives the food.
2. Prior to conditioning, dopamine is released into the nucleus accumbens as soon as the animal hears the sound of the bell.
3. Alternatives a and b are both correct.
4. Alternatives a and b are both incorrect.

Question 10

You recognize an object more quickly if it is part of a meaningful scene than if it is part of a collection of unrelated objects. This observation is proof of ...

1. the importance of distinctive features.
2. the processing of meaning before attention is focused on an object.
3. the power of top-down processing.
4. the power of bottom-up processing.

Question 11

Motivation can be a function of drive (internal motivation) and external stimuli. Which finding is inconsistent with the idea that motivation is primarily a function of drive?

1. People eat when they are hungry.
2. When animals are in pain, they try to eliminate this pain.
3. People eat more if their food looks delicious.
4. Monkeys avoid fearful situations.

Question 12

The part of the brain that regulates hunger, thirst, sex and temperature is ...

1. the thalamus.
2. the hypothalamus.
3. the cerebellum.
4. the hippocampus.

Open questions

Question 1

Name the five types of drives.

Question 2

What is a crucial brain area in terms of rewards and how has that been proven?

Question 3

Hans lives in Amsterdam and is a drug addict. A therapist sends him to a rehab clinic in Austria for a while. Hans heals wonderfully quickly and is sent back to Amsterdam. Why is it likely that things will soon go wrong again with Hans?

Question 4

What does the term androgen refer to?

Question 5

Why is the amygdala important in the human brain?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. fast, irregular waves; the non-synchronized firing of neurons.

Question 2

C. the amygdala only responds to consciously observed stimuli.

Question 3

A. ... laughter also causes feelings of happiness.

Question 4

C. testosterone; birth

Question 5

B. ... it takes some time to form a facial expression. This creates space for other signals and / or control.

Question 6

A. … male sex hormones (testosterone)

Question 7

A. Yes, because the facial muscles give feedback to the brain.

Question 8

A. The function of sleep is to conserve energy at times when being awake is of little value and potentially dangerous.

Question 9

D. Alternatives a and b are both incorrect

Question 10

C. the power of top-down processing

Question 11

C. People eat more if their food looks delicious.

Question 12

B. the hypothalamus

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Reproductive drive, educational drive, regulatory drive, social drive and safety drive.

Question 2

The nucleus accumbens (part of the medial forebrain bundle) is an essential area in terms of rewards. This was proven by means of rats, placing electrodes on the nucleus accumbens. The area was electrically stimulated if the rats were to press a kind of button. It turned out that the animals started to push the button more and more often, in order to do it for hours on end, so that the pleasant feeling (the feeling of reward) would be released by the NA.

Question 3

An important reason for the addictive aspect of drugs is that a lot of dopamine is released during use in that part of the nucleus accumbens that is responsible for reward-related learning. That means that with drug use associations are learned between all the cues that are in the environment and the feeling that the drugs bring (the reward). As a result, an addict may become in need of drugs when seeing his daily environment. Hans will not find many cues in Austria that reminded him of drugs in the Netherlands (which made him use it), so he heals quickly. Back in the Netherlands, everything suddenly reminds him of drugs and the feeling that comes with it. A relapse is then very likely.

Question 4

The term androgen is a collective name for a category of hormones that are produced in male animals. An example of this is testosterone.

Question 5

The amygdala is the main source of unconscious emotional response. In the event of danger, it provides the right fear or anger response. Research shows that this type of response to damage to the amygdala is largely absent. The amygdala is also involved in positive emotions.

How does psychophysics study the senses? – ExamTests 6

MC-questions

Question 1

Suppose Weber's law is correct. If you can just distinguish a weight of 90 grams from a weight of 99 grams, then you can also distinguish a weight of 300 grams from a weight of…

1. 309 grams.
2. 318 grams.
3. 330 grams.
4. 399 grams.

Question 2

To be able to smell whether the potatoes are burning, the receptor cells in the nose must convert physical energy into electrochemical energy. This process is called ...

1. inhibition.
2. sensory adaptation.
3. coding.
4. transduction.

Question 3

Which statement about the sense of smell is incorrect?

1. Smell makes a major contribution to what we call the "taste" of food.
2. Distinguishing between strongly similar odors can often be learned.
3. Clear evidence has been found in humans for the existence of specific body odors (pheromones) that increase attractiveness to the opposite sex.
4. Mothers recognize their fragrance by birth soon after birth.

Question 4

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) region is an important nerve center for:

1. Tasting a sweet taste.
2. Pain inhibition.
3. Activating pain.
4. Tasting a salty taste.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. 330 grams.

Question 2

D. transduction.

Question 3

C. Clear evidence has been found in humans for the existence of specific body odors (pheromones) that increase attractiveness to the opposite sex.

Question 4

B. Pain inhibition.

How does the psychology of vision work? - ExamTests 7

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following principles is not a Gestalt principle of perceptual grouping?

1. Reciprocity.
2. Good continuation.
3. Similarity.
4. Closure.

Question 2

The ... ... is the area on the retina that is in the line of sight and where the highest concentration ... is present.

1. the blind spot; rods.
2. the blind spot; cones
3. the fovea; rods.
4. the fovea; cones.

Question 3

You recognize an object more quickly if it is part of a meaningful scene than if it is part of a collection of unrelated objects. This observation is proof of ...

1. the importance of distinctive features.
2. the processing of meaning before attention is focused on an object.
3. the power of top-down processing.
4. the power of bottom-up processing.

Question 4

Researchers ask test subjects to look into a room through a very small hole in a wall with one eye. In that situation, test subjects can nevertheless form a picture of the relative positions of the objects in that room. Which "depth cues" do they use for this?

1. "Binocular Cues"
2. "Motion parallax"
3. "Pictorial cues"
4. "Eye convergence"

Question 5

The theory whereby it is assumed that neurons can be stimulated by wavelengths of one part of the spectrum and inhibited by wavelengths of the other part of the spectrum is called the:

1. Opponent process theory.
2. Trichromatic theory.
3. Law of complementarity.
4. Three-primaries law.

Question 6

Which statement is correct?

I: Cone Vision specializes in seeing details and colors

II: Rod vision ensures that you can see the contours of objects in the dark

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both incorrect
4. I and II are both correct

Question 7

The primary projection area for visual observation is in the ...

1. frontal lobe.
2. parietal lobe.
3. occipital lobe.
4. temporal lobe.

Question 8

What would happen if we only used "top-down" processing?

1. In that case we would only perceive perceptual illusions.
2. In that case we would only observe the individual "features" of objects.
3. We would only see what we expected.
4. We would perceive objects two-dimensionally.

Question 9

The fovea is the area of ​​the retina where ...

1. the blind spot is.
2. the optic nerve leaves the eye.
3. most of the bars are.
4. most of the cones are.

Question 10

An observer sees two trees of the same size. One tree is at a distance of 20 meters from the observer and the other tree is at a distance of 100 meters from the observer. The retinal image of the first tree will ... ... the second tree.

1. be greater than that of
2. be smaller than that of
3. be equal to that of
4. being reversed in relation to the image of

Question 11

A test subject is asked how he perceives the following stimulus:

- * - * - *

The test subject reports that this stimulus is perceived as three pairs, each pair containing a dash and an asterisk. This test subject grouped the stimuli based on:

1. equality
2. proximity
3. good continuation
4. enclosure

Question 12

An ambiguous figure can be seen as a young girl or an old woman. People who work in a retirement home generally perceive this figure as an old woman. This is a demonstration of:

1. the Gestalt principles of organization
2. bottom-up influences
3. perceptual constantities
4. top-down influences

Open questions

Question 1

In what sense or to what extent were Gestalt psychologists right or wrong about their claim that every perception starts with organized wholes?

Question 2

Which forms of visual agnosia exist?

Question 3

Name the six pictorial cues to see depth.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. Reciprocity

Question 2

D. the fovea; cones

Question 3

C. the power of top-down processing.

Question 4

C. "Pictorial cues"

Question 5

A. Opponent process theory.

Question 6

D. I and II are both correct

Question 7

C. occipital lobe.

Question 8

C. We would only see what we expected.

Question 9

D. most of the cones are.

Question 10

A. be greater than that of

Question 11

B. proximity

Question 12

D. top-down influences

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The Gestalt psychologists were right because they wanted to emphasize that in the normal case any consciousness (any experience) starts with the experience of meaningful wholes or figures, and that the perception of elements or aspects of those wholes only comes afterwards, namely as a result of reflection, that is, closer consideration, distance, thought, analysis. But not the same: the unconscious level of information processing in the phase that precedes the aforementioned more or less conscious experience of wholes does indeed start with elementary data. These spontaneously pop up in consciousness.

Question 2

There are a number of forms, but the relevant forms mentioned in the book are:

• Visual form agnosia, in which it is no longer possible to see the shape of an object, even though other elements such as color or brightness are still seen.
• Visual object agnosia, where the person can no longer recognize the object, even though he might be able to name the shapes perfectly.

Question 3

These cues are overlap, linear perspective, texture gradient, the position of objects in relation to the horizon, different types of light on the surface and the relative size of known objects.

What basic processes underly learning? - ExamTests 8

MC-questions

Question 1

One possible interpretation of Pavlov's experiments with dogs is that the dogs learned that they could expect food after the conditioned stimulus, and that this expectation subsequently led to salivation. This interpretation fits best with which approach to learning?

1. Watson's traditional SR (stimulus-response) approach
2. The ecological approach
3. The cognitive-psychological approach
4. The operant conditioning approach

Question 2

In what does the 'Law of effect' of Thorndike resemble the idea of ​​natural selection from evolutionary theory?

1. Both imply that species can undergo physical changes.
2. Both imply that only the behaviors with favorable consequences continue to exist.
3. Both reject the model of classical conditioning.
4. Both A, B and C are correct.

Question 3

A shy person has agreed to say hello to ten people he encounters during the day. If these greetings are answered with friendly responses, the shy person is more likely to greet someone in the future. This procedure is a therapeutic use of:

1. habituation
2. classical conditioning
3. operant conditioning
4. observational learning

Question 4

The technique within classical conditioning that is used to study the sensory faculties of an animal (for example, the ability to distinguish between two colors) is called:

1. shaping
2. extinction
3. generalization
4. discrimination training

Question 5

Some cars make a nasty noise as long as you don't have the seat belt on. As soon as you put on the belt, the sound stops. Such a system first functions as a ... punishment and later as a ... reward.

1. negative; positive
2. positive; negative
3. negative; negative

Question 6

Pavlov and colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex do not return the animal in the condition it was in before conditioning. What does that show?

1. Once the reflex has been extinguished, it will also stay away.
2. Some time after the reflex has been extinguished, the reflex partially returns.
3. The reflex returns completely after waiting for a while.

Question 7

According to Gray, if someone is admitted to hospital due to an overdose of XTC, this may be due to…

1. ... classical conditioning.
2. … condition operant.
3. ... heuristics.

Question 8

Animals can learn from which food they get sick. The characteristics associated with this learning process ...

1. ... according to Garcia and colleagues, deviate from the characteristics of classical conditioning.
2. ... according to Garcia and colleagues, fit the characteristics of classical conditioning.
3. ... according to Garcia and colleagues, fit the characteristics of both classical and operant conditioning.

Question 9

Classical conditioning does not take place if the animal or man already has a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus (the blocking effect). This result provides support for the idea that classic conditioning ...

1. ... depends on which predictor the unconditioned stimulus has.
2. ... shows a learning effect.
3. ... is a cognitive process.

Question 10

A kitten sees an older cat smash a bag of chips and eat the chips with taste. Then it appears that the kitten itself is more interested in chips than she was before. This is an example of ...

1. ... imprinting.
2. … learning by observation.
3. ... habituation.

Question 11

A researcher has conditioned a group of rabbits to stop completely (freeze) when hearing a sound. She did that by making the sound heard just before the rabbits got an electric shock. Then the rabbits were conditioned again, now just before the shock they not only heard the sound, but also a lamp came on. In accordance with the idea that classical conditioning is a cognitive process, the rabbits will in a later test ...

1. both stand still when the sound is heard and when the lamp comes on.
2. stand still when the sound is heard, but not when the lamp comes on.
3. stand still when the lamp comes on, but not when the sound is heard.

Question 12

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's reaction to drooling after hearing the bell is:

1. Conditioned stimulus
2. Unconditioned stimulus
3. Conditioned response
4. Unconditioned response

Question 13

If a child shows fear at the sight of his dining chair, then it is likely that ...

1. the dining chair is an unconditioned stimulus (US) that leads to a conditioned fear response (CR).
2. the fear response is an unconditioned response (UR) due to the high chair (US).
3. the dining chair is a conditioned stimulus (CS) that leads to a conditioned fear response (CR).
4. the dining chair is a conditioned stimulus (CS) that leads to an unconditioned fear response (UR).

Question 14

To create a high-response-speed after a period of training, you must use a .... during training

1. full reinforcement schedule (schedule of reinforcement)
2. fixed ratio schedule
3. variable ratio schedule
4. fixed-interval schedule

Question 15

Which of the following options is an example of classical conditioning?

1. Jeppe quits his studies as a result of failing his final exam.
2. The dog Wesley brings the newspaper to his owner every morning and gets a lump of Bonzo for that.
3. Miora had suffered a lot of pain during her last visit to the dentist and now gets heart palpitations every time he sees the dentist's house.
4. Tom buys a ticket every first Friday of the month because he won 1000 euros four years ago with a ticket he had bought on Friday.

Question 16

Timo is a baby who cries every night. After his parents put him to bed, he starts crying. His parents are close to despair: they have tried everything to stop the crying: start comforting immediately, waiting with giving comfort, not give comfort etc. According to the behaviorists, the behavior of baby Timo is resistant to ... as a result of....

1. generalization; continuous pay (reinforcement)
2. generalization; partial remuneration (reinforcement)
3. extinction; continuous pay (reinforcement)
4. extinction; partial remuneration (reinforcement)

Question 17

According to the behaviorists, classically conditioned fear can continue to exist because ...

1. people tend to avoid the feared situation.
2. people may have an intrinsic tendency to fear.
3. one cannot change the personality structure of a fearful person.
4. provoking some stimuli in a reflexive way.

Question 18

In the classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, the tone / bell acted as the…

1. UCS (unconditioned stimulus).
2. UCR (unconditioned response).
3. CS (conditioned stimulus).
4. CR (conditioned response).

Question 19

Arjen hits his sister. His father says that if he stops beating, he does not have to help with the dishes; a job that Arjen happens to hate. This is an example of:

1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Positive punishment
4. Negative punishment

Question 20

In classical conditioning, an animal learns the relationship between ...; in instrumental conditioning, an animal learns the relationship between ....

1. CR and US; stimulus and response
2. CS and UR; stimulus and response
3. CR and UR; response and reward
4. CS and US; response and reward

Question 21

Which rat will show the fastest absorbance with regard to the pressing of a button? A rat trained with

1. a variable ratio schedule of reward
2. a variable interval schedule of reward
3. a fixed ratio schedule of reward
4. continuous reward

Question 22

Thorndike was a student of James who was involved in research into animal learning. He also formulated the law of effect. What does this law entail?

1. that responses followed by something pleasant will occur more often
2. that the strength of learning depends on the strength of the stimulus
3. that learning can only occur if an animal is motivated

Question 23

Suppose a child smiles automatically when it sees its mother. Now a researcher makes sure that each time a piece of music sounds just before the mother enters the child's room and the child sees his mother. After a while, the child will also smile when only the music is heard. What do we call smiling in response to seeing the mother in the terminology of classical conditioning?

1. the conditioned response (CR)
2. the operator response (OR)
3. the unconditioned response (UR)

Question 24

To explain human behavior with the principles of classical conditioning as formulated by Pavlov, John Watson needed a number of unconditioned responses as a basis. What did he propose as unconditioned responses in humans?

1. unconditioned reflexes
2. unconditioned emotional responses
3. unconditioned reinforcers

Question 25

Which of William James' students formulated the law of effect, based on his research into the behavior of animals in puzzle boxes?

1. Stanley Hall
2. Charles Peirce
3. Edward Thorndike

Question 26

How could Skinner determine which reinforcement schedule led to the strongest learning effect?

1. by looking at shaping
2. by looking at secondary reinforcers.
3. by looking at extinction

Question 27

Conditioning of behavior means that:

1. every behavior can get a sexual 'color'
2. people start to behave like animals
3. people link certain behavior to certain conditions

Question 28

Who is the founder of operant conditioning?

1. Pavlov
2. Skinner
3. Maslow
4. Freud

Question 29

A rat in a Skinner box makes a loud noise by pressing a lever. This is an example of:

1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative ratification
3. Positive punishment
4. Negative punishment

Question 30

What is not characteristic of operant conditioning?

1. Rewards and penalties
2. Behavior is controlled by consequences that follow the response
3. Extinction is caused by omitting the excitation
4. The person is passive (reacts reflexively)

Question 31

What is shaping?

1. An operant technique or procedure to teach new behavior step by step through positive reinforcement of behavior that is approaching the target behavior.
2. Validation scheme where all correct responses are validated.
3. Ratification scheme whereby some, but not all, good responses are endorsed.
4. Process in which a learned response disappears due to the absence or decrease of reinforcement.

Open questions

Question 1

For what is shaping a frequently used form, what is its purpose, and how does this procedure work?

Question 2

In which case can rewarding desirable behavior actually lead to a decrease in that behavior? What is this phenomenon called and explain it.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. The cognitive-psychological approach

Question 2

B. Both imply that only the behaviors with favorable consequences continue to exist.

Question 3

C. operant conditioning

Question 4

D. discrimination training

Question 5

B. positive; negative

Question 6

B. Some time after the reflex has been extinguished, the reflex partially returns.

Question 7

A. ... classical conditioning.

Question 8

A. ... according to Garcia and colleagues, deviate from the characteristics of classical conditioning.

Question 9

C ... is a cognitive process.

Question 10

B. … learning by observation.

Question 11

B. stand still when the sound is heard, but not when the lamp comes on.

Question 12

C. Conditioned response

Question 13

C. the dining chair is a conditioned stimulus (CS) that leads to a conditioned fear response (CR).

Question 14

C. variable ratio schedule

Question 15

C. Miora had suffered a lot of pain during her last visit to the dentist and now gets heart palpitations every time he sees the dentist's house.

Question 16

D. extinction; partial remuneration (reinforcement)

Question 17

A. people tend to avoid the feared situation.

Question 18

C. CS (conditioned stimulus).

Question 19

B. Negative reinforcement

Question 20

D. CS and US; response and reward

Question 21

D. continuous reward

Question 22

A. that responses followed by something pleasant will occur more often

Question 23

C. the unconditioned response (UR)

Question 24

B. unconditioned emotional responses

Question 25

B. Charles Peirce

Question 26

C. by looking at extinction

Question 27

C. people link certain behavior to certain conditions

Question 28

B. Skinner

Question 29

B. Negative ratification

Question 30

D. The person is passive (reacts reflexively)

Question 31

A. An operant technique or procedure to teach new behavior step by step through positive reinforcement of behavior that is approaching the target behavior.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Shaping is a form of operant conditioning. If a certain desired behavior cannot occur in one go (because that is too difficult), it can be achieved in steps. An animal then comes closer to the desired behavior. The goal is therefore to achieve a certain response that cannot be achieved in one go. The intermediate steps can be achieved by giving a reward every time the behavior comes close to the desired behavior. Circus animals that can do tricks, for example, have learned this through shaping. An elephant can never stand on a ball in one go, but learns this in small steps.

Question 2

This is about the overjustification effect: this effect is created when an overpayment will replace pleasure as a goal. You no longer do the activity for pleasure, but for money, status or a high reward. Extrinsic motivation factors play a role in this. So you are motivated by other factors to do things, it no longer comes from yourself. So you don't do it because you like it yourself or because you find it satisfying, but because there are factors outside you that make the work attractive.

How do memory, attention, and consciousness work? - ExamTests 9

MC-questions

Question 1

The memory of your lunch is in your ... memory and your knowledge about objects is in your ... memory.

1. episodic; semantic
2. short-term memory; long term memory
3. implicit; explicit

Question 2

If you came to your bike this morning, it is stored in your ... memory, what a bike is stored in your ... memory and how you should cycle on it in your ... memory.

1. short-term memory; long term memory; implicit
2. episodic; semantic; procedural
3. short-term memory; semantic; implicit

Question 3

When you remember what you did exactly when you heard about the death of Princess Diana, you invoke your ...

1. generic memory.
2. episodic memory.
3. hierarchical memory.
4. semantic memory.

Question 4

Regardless of the type of memory we are talking about, all categories of memory need three memory processes to store something effectively. Which three processes are these?

1. Encoding, storage, retrieval.
2. Chunking, retrieval cue, recall.
3. Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive.
4. Iconic memory, working memory, long-term memory.

Open questions

Question 1

Name and describe the three types of memory storage.

Question 2

Does unconscious perception exist? And does unconscious attention exist?

Question 3

Describe as clearly as possible the most important differences and similarities between the two different 'levels of learning' ('implicit' versus 'explicit').

Question 4

What is priming? Name and describe two types of priming.

Question 5

Can explicit learning take place without implicit learning at the same time?

Question 6

To promote information ending up in long-term memory and be able to be retrieved later, repetition falls short. Which forms of encoding or processing are very effective?

Question 7

What is understood by semantic memory and what by episodic memory?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. episodic; semantic

Question 2

B. episodic; semantic; procedural

Question 3

B. episodic memory.

Question 4

A. Encoding, storage, retrieval.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

• Sensory memory: This memory has a sensory input from the internal and external environment. All information is here within ½ to 3 seconds. This memory is also called sensory memory. It is a 'buffer' with very large capacity for the environmental information at a certain moment. It includes the icon and echo memory, among other things. This is the information processing phase that requires no attention.
• Short-term memory, working memory: this is the workplace where observations (constructed from the sensory information that does receive attention) and thoughts (constructed from the information retrieved from the long-term memory) and combined in a complex manner to become. The capacity of the STM seems very limited, at least in terms of the number of unrelated verbal items that can be held (only 7 plus / minus 2 items - this is the verbal memory span), but in practice, thanks to spontaneous but sometimes also deliberate forms of chunking (formation of meaningful wholes), this is not so bad. Moreover, there is not only a verbal 'retention system' (phonological repeat loop), but also a visual counterpart thereof (visual sounding board).
• Long-term memory: on the other hand, this memory is practically unlimited in capacity. The problem here is mainly in the retrieval. Retrieval is the retrieval of the relevant stored information, to reconstruct things from it in the form of conscious memories, etc.

Question 2

An observation of which you are not aware does exist. For example, you see coke bottles flashing by during a commercial in the cinema. This goes so fast that you do not see it consciously, but unconsciously. This means you can buy a bottle of coke earlier during the break. Unconscious attention does not exist.

Question 3

• Implicit learning: The implicit memory refers to all stored information, which can influence the behavior without conscious awareness. Implicit learning is involuntary. You do not intentionally initiate this form of learning, but it does lead to behavioral change. The conditioning theory is central to this way of learning, so you are influenced by your environment. An important part of the implicit memory is the procedural memory: this relates to certain habits and motor skills, such as driving.
• Explicit learning: You use your semantic memory for this. This semantic memory consists of general knowledge, for example word meanings. So there is talk of purpose, you have to be able to evoke things. This can lead to knowledge changes. Important parts of explicit learning are: Episodic memory (memories) and semantic memory (general knowledge). Memory theory is central to this learning.

Question 4

Priming is the activation of memories by certain stimuli, the unconscious activation of existing schemas in your head. For example: you cycle on the street and you come across a red Ferrari, but you are not aware of this. In the evening you read a car weekly magazine and you see a picture of a red Ferrari in it. Because of this your eye will fall quicker on this picture because the picture is already unconscious in your head.

• Conceptual priming: This is 'priming' of thinking (or of retrieval). It influences your train of thought and probably has to do with activation of concepts stored in the semantic memory.
• Perceptual priming: This is 'priming' of perception (or recognition)

In both cases the priming stimuli can be both objects or images, as well as verbal stimuli.

Question 5

No, you are always learning implicitly. For example, think of learning to cycle. When you learn to ride a bike, you must first consciously do this. With all actions you think. At a certain moment this behavior will be automatic, you call this implicit learning. You learn that at the same time as you explicitly learn.

Question 6

• Visualization: Visual and verbal memories interact and complement each other. For example the 'key word method'.
• Elaboration: Link certain information with information stored in the LTG. For example ask yourself questions.
• Organization: Hierarchical organization. For example, make schemas for yourself and Chunking MVDWOA (Mr. Van Dalen Waiting for Answer).

Question 7

• Semantic memory: This consists of general knowledge, for example word meanings. This is intentional and independent of what someone has experienced in the past.
• Episodic memory: This memory relates to what someone has experienced, so these are memories.

They cannot exist without each other, because memories are partly formed by general knowledge.

How does intelligence and cognition work? - ExamTests 10

MC-questions

Question 1

As a kind of "shorthand" (abbreviated notation), researchers sometimes speak of genes "for" artistic aptitude or genes "for" intelligence. What they mean then is that:

1. Those genes that influence the physiological processes that contribute to artistic or intellectual skills.
2. Those genes that directly cause skills.
3. These skills are not influenced by the environment.
4. In evolution these skills have increased the chance of survival.

Question 2

The heritability coefficient of a certain trait in a certain population is the variance of that trait to the…

1. ... genes is attributable, divided by the total variance of that trait.
2. ... genes is attributable, divided by the variance of that trait that is attributable to the environment.
3. ... environment is attributable, divided by the variance of that trait attributable to the genes.

Question 3

In a study, participants had to find out if someone else was extrovert. They mainly asked questions such as: "Would you rather be with a group than alone?" and "Do you speak easily in a large room?" These types of questions are an example of the…

1. … availability bias ( availability bias ).
2. ... confirmation bias (confirmation bias).
3. ... predictable world bias .

Question 4

There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence. One reason for this is that ...

1. ... there are so many different intelligences that it is difficult to define an overall intelligence.
2. ... every culture has different values ​​and therefore a different definition of a well-functioning person.
3. ... intelligence has different facets, which makes it difficult to formulate a summary definition.

Question 5

When playing roulette in the casino, the ball (usually) falls into a red box or a black box. When the ball has fallen into a red box a number of times in succession, most people expect the next ball…. This phenomenon is known as ...

1. will fall into a black box; predictable-world bias
2. will fall into a red box; availability heuristic
3. will fall into a red box; deductive reasoning

Question 6

Fluid intelligence relates to ... and crystallized intelligence relates to ...

1. specific knowledge; abstract reasoning
2. experience; fix the problem
3. reasoning; facts

Question 7

Everyone from Volendam is Dutch. Jan Smit is from Volendam. Jan Smit is therefore a Dutchman. This is an example of ...

1. ... deductive reasoning.
2. ... inductive reasoning.
3. ... constructive reasoning.

Question 8

Robert sees a man unknown to him pushing someone in the pharmacy. He thinks: "What an antisocial type is that!". Robert is most likely making ...

1. ... the fundamental attribution error.
2. ... the interpersonal attribution error.
3. ... the situational attribution error.

Question 9

Which statement is correct?

I: Deductive reasoning is trying to extract new principles or propositions from observations or facts

II: Inductive reasoning is trying to come to a logical conclusion that must be true if you accept certain assumptions as true

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both incorrect
4. I and II are both correct

Question 10

More people die in motorcycle accidents than in aircraft accidents per year. When Frits hears on the news that a plane crash has happened, he decides to go from Amsterdam to Berlin with the engine instead of the plane. Frits probably makes an argument based on ...

1. the 'availability' heuristics.
2. a mental set.
3. a syllogism error.
4. a 'framing' problem.

Question 11

Missing the insight of using a nail file to open a box is an example of ...

1. a heuristic approach.
2. a mental set.
3. representational thinking.
4. the 'availability' heuristics.

Question 12

Studies on intelligence show that the correlation between adopted children and their biological mother is greater than that between adopted children and their adopted mothers. The figures are resp. .44 and .38. Which conclusion is most justified on the basis of the above figures.

1. Intelligence is primarily genetically determined.
2. Intelligence is mainly determined by the environment.
3. Intelligence is mainly determined by education.
4. Intelligence is the product of genes and environment.

Question 13

During the testing of a hypothesis, people often suffer from the 'confirmation bias'. This is:

1. testing more hypotheses than necessary
2. the search for evidence against the hypothesis rather than a fair comparison of all evidence
3. assume that any hypothesis that sounds plausible is true
4. pay more attention to evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis than to evidence that is not

Open questions

Question 1

How much influence does being raised or raised in the same family have on similarity in IQ (measured intelligence) and how can that be explained?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. Those genes that influence the physiological processes that contribute to artistic or intellectual skills.

Question 2

A. ... genes is attributable, divided by the total variance of that trait.

Question 3

B. ... confirmation bias (confirmation bias).

Question 4

B. ... every culture has different values ​​and therefore a different definition of a well-functioning person.

Question 5

A. will fall into a black box; predictable-world bias

Question 6

C. reasoning; facts

Question 7

A. ... deductive reasoning.

Question 8

A. ... the fundamental attribution error.

Question 9

C. I and II are both incorrect

Question 10

A. the 'availability' heuristics.

Question 11

B. a mental set.

Question 12

D. Intelligence is the product of genes and environment.

Question 13

D. pay more attention to evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis than to evidence that is not

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

In childhood, the IQ does match, but this correlation disappears when the children are adults. Explanation: Children choose their own environment when they are adults, and their genetic differences influence the environment. The environment also makes sure that the children differ from each other.

How did thought and language develop? - ExamTests 11

MC-questions

Question 1

Research into the development of implicit memory, semantic memory and episodic memory is usually interpreted in terms of…

1. ... general cognitive development.
2. ... information processing.
3. … IQ development.

Question 2

Baillargeon found that young babies, around the age of three, already showed knowledge of natural laws. For example, it seems that babies expect an object that is hidden behind a screen to come from behind that specific screen and not from another screen. These experiments were important because they demonstrated that ...

1. ... babies can see clearly much earlier than known.
2. ... the development of babies is going well.
3. ... the development theory of Piaget needed adaptation.

Question 3

According to Vygotsky, a child develops in a specific way. Which of the descriptions below fits best with his view?

1. The growth of the working memory enables children to perform increasingly complex operations, so that the language can also develop.
2. The thinking of children becomes richer because they pick up language from their social environment.
3. Developing thinking makes language use possible at an ever higher level.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is least consistent with the information processing perspective of development?

1. The schemas that children use undergo qualitative changes as they develop.
2. Children learn specific rules that are increasingly advanced when solving certain types of problems.
3. Children can learn more and more complicated behavior because the capacity of their working memory increases.

Question 5

According to Gray, Piaget's theory of cognitive development was criticized, among other things, because the theory underestimated the skills of ....

1. ... young children.
2. ... babies.
3. ... older children.

Question 6

The process whereby, for example, a young child who sees a horse for the first time and subsequently calls it a cat, is called ....

1. accommodation.
2. assimilation.
3. adaptation.

Question 7

The fact that so-called wolf children (not deaf, but never exposed to language, for example through neglect) can no longer learn good grammar is, according to Gray, seen as evidence for a critical period in the functioning of the…

1. … Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
2. … Language Acquisition Support System (LASS).
3. … Phoneme-Morpheme Mapping System (PMMS).

Question 8

According to Piaget, a child can think about the reversible consequences of actions in the:

1. Sensorimotor phase
2. Pre-operational phase
3. Concrete operational phase
4. Formal operational phase

Question 9

The term "syntax" refers to ...

1. the meaning of words.
2. the sound of words.
3. the rules according to which words can be combined.
4. the symbols used for words.

Question 10

Object permanence refers to the consciousness of the child who:

1. different actions are coordinated in one organized schema
2. the mass of an object does not change despite transformations in the form of that object
3. objects exist independently of perception or action
4. certain engine patterns can be permanently associated with certain environmental objects

Question 11

A baby who knows that her teddy bear will survive when it falls behind the couch controls the onset of:

1. accommodation
2. A-not-B thinking
3. object permanence
4. intentional behavior

Open questions

Question 1

What do the changed-hiding place problem and the invisible displacement problem focus on?

Question 2

What is a schema in Piaget's theory?

Question 3

Give a clear description of the most important points on which Vygotsky's sociocultural development differs from that of Piaget.

Question 4

What did Vygotsky think about language acquisition? Does his opinion differ from that of Piaget?

Question 5

What is meant by a false belief task?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. ... information processing.

Question 2

C. ... the development theory of Piaget needed adaptation.

Question 3

B. The thinking of children becomes richer because they pick up language from their social environment.

Question 4

A. The schemas that children use undergo qualitative changes as they develop.

Question 5

A. ... young children.

Question 6

B. assimilation.

Question 7

A. … Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Question 8

B. Pre-operational phase

Question 9

C. the rules according to which words can be combined.

Question 10

C. objects exist independently of perception or action

Question 11

C. object permanence

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

These problems focus on the presence or absence of object permanence in children. This is the principle that an object still exists when it is out of view. Changed-hiding place problem: you put something under one handkerchief and then under the other handkerchief. The child will search for the object under the first handkerchief. Invisible displacement problem: behind your back you change the location of the object.

Question 2

A schema is an ordered system. Assimilation: How we place new experiences in an existing schema. Accommodation: Adapt your own system to new stimuli.

Question 3

Sociocultural vision Vygotsky:

• Children develop in a social cultural environment.
• Interaction with other people.
• Products of cultural history.
• According to Vygotsky, language leads to a higher form of thinking (verbal thought). It is only achieved through interaction with the environment.
• The child is part of the social world.

Piaget:

• Interaction with the physical world.
• For example, children rely on core principles when counting.
• The child is a scientist, getting to know the nature of the world through experiments.

Question 4

Language leads to a higher form of thinking. Words actually become symbols of thought. Words also reflect the activities and values ​​of a culture. Non-communicative language expressions are the transition phase to verbal thought. Children often speak out loud longer for difficult tasks. This makes it easier to solve the problem.

Piaget saw language more as a side effect. The interaction with the environment is not so important for the development of a child.

Question 5

A false belief task is a task in which it is tested whether children can already empathize with what other people believe, and whether they understand that this may be different from what they themselves believe. Examples of the false belief task are the container test and the displacement test.

What is the course of psychosocial development? – ExamTests 12

MC-questions

Question 1

Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers showed that providing…

1. ... contact with safety (contact comfort) is the most important thing in the development of attachment.
2. ... food is just as important in the development of attachment as providing safety-related contact ( contact comfort ).
3. ... food is ultimately the most important thing in the development of attachment.

Question 2

Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys showed that the attachment of these rhesus monkey babies is a result of ...

1. ... the long time spent with a surrogate mother.
2. ... an innate need for support from contact (contact comfort).
3. ... classical and operant conditioning as a result of milk supply.

Question 3

The strange situation test ...

1. … tests a child's innate urge to explore.
2. … tests the attachment of a child to the mother.
3. … tests the moral development level of a child.

Question 4

Kohlberg states that in your moral development you ...

1. ... cannot skip stages. In fact, people cannot even understand reasoning from a stage higher than that in which they themselves are.
2. ... cannot skip stages. However, people can understand reasoning from a stage higher than that in which they themselves are.
3. ... can sometimes skip stages.

Question 5

Which parenting style is seen as the best with regard to the education of a child?

1. Authoritarian Parental Style
2. Authoritative Parenting Style
3. Permissive parenting style
4. Mixed parenting style

Question 6

According to Harlow, what can you do best as a mother when a child is scared?

1. Leave the child alone
2. Give the child something to eat
3. Talk to the child
4. Touch and hold the child

Open questions

Question 1

Describe the strange-situation test.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. ... contact with safety (contact comfort) is the most important thing in the development of attachment.

Question 2

B. ... an innate need for support from contact (contact comfort).

Question 3

B. … tests the attachment of a child to the mother.

Question 4

A. ... cannot skip stages. In fact, people cannot even understand reasoning from a stage higher than that in which they themselves are.

Question 5

B. Authoritative Parenting Style

Question 6

D. Touch and hold the child

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

This test examines how children are attached to their parent. The child is put with the mother in a room with toys. Without notice, the mother suddenly leaves the room and leaves the child alone with the toys. The child is securely attached when it plays with self-confidence in front of the mother, gets upset when she leaves and happy when she returns. If the child ignores the mother when she returns, it is avoidantly attached. If the child remains inconsolable, even if the mother has been back long and wide, he is anxiously attached.

What is social psychology? - ExamTests 13

MC-questions

Question 1

In an experiment, a photo of a specific person is offered subliminally. After that, the research participant must respond as quickly as possible to words that are attractive or ugly. In such an investigation ... stereotypes can be investigated.

1. implicit
2. private
3. public

Question 2

Test subjects were asked to watch a short film in which a man threatens a woman with a gun. The victim begs for mercy. The subjects then had to describe what they saw. If they say the man with the gun ... and the victim ..., they make the fundamental attribution error.

1. probably has a good reason; is probably a criminal
2. is an aggressive person; is a frightened person
3. is mentally unstable; is not trying to get shot

Question 3

What is the name of the bias in which people with, among other things, a round head, large forehead and large eyes are found to be fairer?

1. Friendly-face bias
2. Baby face bias
3. Attractiveness bias
4. First-impression bias

Question 4

A salesman calls you to inquire whether you like music. To your affirmative answer, he asks if you like classical or more baroque music. To your answer that you like classical music, he says he has something for you. The seller uses a sales technique based on ...

1. ... cognitive dissonance.
2. ... reciprocity (reciprocity).
3. ... self-fulfilling predictions (self-fulfilling prophecies).

Question 5

A statement of group polarization focuses on the influence of information on group members. According to this statement, each person from a group will:

1. ... experience cognitive dissonance as a result of differences between his own opinion and the average opinion of the other group members, which makes his opinion more extreme.
2. … hear many more arguments that argue for his own opinion than arguments that argue against it, making his opinion more extreme.
3. … see his own position as more extreme than that of the group and as a result adjust his opinion to the average opinion in the group.

Question 6

Attitudes do not always predict behavior. This is because...

1. situational pressure can lead people to behave in ways that are not in accordance with their attitudes
2. attitudes are sometimes too general compared to the predictable behavior (specific behavior)
3. a and b
4. None of the options above

Question 7

Sipke sees that Laura stumbles. He blames this on her clumsiness instead of thinking that there might be a stone over which she might have stumbled. This is an example of ...

1. stereotyping.
2. labeling.
3. validity.
4. the fundamental attribution error.

Question 8

Which statement does internal attribution refer to?

1. I did not pass my exam because it was very hot in the room and I could not concentrate.
2. I did not pass my exam because I have bad memory.
3. I did not pass my exam because it was a very difficult exam.
4. I did not pass my exam because I was unlucky.

Question 9

A lawyer must defend a client. In the opinion of the lawyer, the client is guilty. Based on the cognitive dissonance theory, under which condition the lawyer will be more inclined to believe in the innocence of the client.

1. When the lawyer gets paid more than usual.
2. When the lawyer gets paid less than usual.
3. When the client is friendly to the lawyer.
4. When the client is actually guilty.

Question 10

What do we call the tendency to attribute behavior to characteristics of a person instead of the situation?

1. Hindsight bias.
2. Secondary sources.
3. Spirit of time.
4. Basic attribution error.

Question 11

The effectiveness of the foot-in-the-door technique is related to ...

1. our sensitivity to dogmas.
2. our preference for assertiveness.
3. the attribution of actions to attitudes.
4. the cognitive interpretation of emotions.

Question 12

Diffusion of responsibility results in a ... probability that spectators will intervene if something goes wrong.

1. larger
2. smaller
3. neutral
4. This depends on the situation.

Question 13

Some institutions try to encourage people to donate by sending a letter with a small present. This strategy is based on:

1. the 'foot-in-the-door' technique.
2. the 'through-the-face' technique.
3. the reciprocity principle.
4. the reciprocity concession effect.

Question 14

Social facilitation:

1. refers to an improved performance in the presence of an audience compared to a situation where no audience is present.
2. is equally likely for dominant and non-dominant responses.
3. is more likely for non-dominant responses than for dominant responses.
4. refers to a deteriorated performance in the presence of an audience compared to a situation where no audience is present.

Open questions

Question 1

What exactly is meant by attribution(s) in social psychology?

Question 2

When should an attribution be attributed to the person and when to the situation?

Question 3

Which circumstances promote a person bias or a situation bias?

Question 4

People more often make attributions about the situation regarding themselves than with others. Name two theories that explain this phenomenon. What is this bias called?

Question 5

What is the definition of a (social) stereotype?

Question 6

What is the distinction between public, private and implicit stereotypes and how do psychologists identify implicit stereotypes?

Question 7

In which two ways do stereotypes confirm themselves?

Question 8

How is the concept of 'attitude' defined in social psychology, and how is the concept of 'value'?

Question 9

What are the four different functions of attitudes?

Question 10

What does cognitive dissonance theory entail?

Question 11

Give an explanation of impression management on the basis of the statement 'impression management is a form of play'.

Question 12

What exactly does compliance mean? Does obedience include that?

Question 13

Describe the Milgram study.

Question 14

If someone is in distress in the midst of the public, action is often not taken. Why not? State as many social factors as possible for an explanation.

Answer indication MC-question

Question 1

A. implicit

Question 2

B. is an aggressive person; is a frightened person

Question 3

B. Baby face bias

Question 4

A. ... cognitive dissonance.

Question 5

B. … hear many more arguments that argue for his own opinion than arguments that argue against it, making his opinion more extreme.

Question 6

C. a and b

Question 7

D. the fundamental attribution error.

Question 8

B. I did not pass my exam because I have bad memory.

Question 9

B. When the lawyer gets paid less than usual.

Question 10

D. Basic attribution error.

Questio 11

C. the attribution of actions to attitudes.

Question 12

B. smaller

Question 13

C. the reciprocity principle.

Question 14

A. refers to an improved performance in the presence of an audience compared to a situation where no audience is present.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

An evaluation of the cause of a person's behavior (this is observable). We look for the cause of someone's behavior and make concepts of someone's personality.

Question 2

To answer this question, one can ask three questions:

• Does the person regularly behave like this in this situation? If so, then we can attribute the behavior to a characteristic of both the person and the situation. If not, the behavior does not tell us much about the person or situation.
• Do many people behave like this in this situation? If so, the behavior tells something about the situation, if not then it tells us something about the person.
• Does the person behave like this in other situations? If so, then we can attribute the behavior to the personality of the person, if not, it is only about the behavior of the person in this specific situation.

Question 3

• Task or clear goal (you meet someone with purpose, or know things about the task yourself)
• Little to gain control over the environment. You trust your mental processes.

Question 4

• You know for yourself that the situation is changing. With others you do not have that much insight into that. With friends (you know better) you put more emphasis on the situation than on the personality.
• Basic property of visual perception. We look at others instead of ourselves. We see someone else doing an action. More emphasis on the person than the situation.

This bias is called the actor-observer discrepancy.

Question 5

Mental concepts that people have from certain groups or people, such as ethnic groups, that reinforce the differences between the groups and minimize the differences within the groups. It is the basis for prejudice.

Question 6

• Public: you are aware of your stereotype behavior and you are aware of it.
• Private: conscious, not expressing.
• Implicit: not aware, but expressing.
• Psychologists identify this by means of priming.

Question 7

• Via selective observation. Works like glasses, so we do not see what does not meet our expectations and are extra sensitive to information that does. This therefore leads to persistent prejudices that may not even have a core of truth.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy. Pygmalion effect. This means that when one has certain expectations of a certain person, they will perform accordingly. For example, a teacher who has high expectations of a child will encourage the child to perform well.

Question 8

Attitude: A belief or opinion that has an evaluating component. How do you view certain things? Value: General fairly abstract attitudes that people see as more general principles behind more specific attitudes and actions. Your idea of ​​good and evil in society. These values ​​are a fundamental part of your self-concept.

Question 9

Four functions of attitudes:

• Value-expressing function (what does a person value).
• Utility function (behavioral guidelines).
• Defensive function (creating order in the world around us).
• Social adjustment function (attitude corresponds to the attitude of the group).

Question 10

Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger): Your behavior and attitude do not match, which leads to an uncomfortable feeling. You want to resolve this inconsistency. The uncomfortable feeling (both mental and physical) is called cognitive dissonance.

Question 11

Impression management tries to influence the thoughts of others about themselves. This is done by adapting to the people present. Behavior is consciously and unconsciously changed to influence the impressions of others. So people are not always themselves, and that is why impression management can be seen as a play.

Question 12

Compliance: The general name for responses such as admitting, meeting another person's request and accepting the situation. Obedience refers to those cases were the request is seen as an order, and that falls under compliance.

Question 13

Research by Milgram

Year: 1960
Name: Milgram's obedience experiments
Central objective experiment: Identifying the psychological conditions that make a person more likely to meet a request.
The reasons why the test leader was finally admitted:

• "The norm of obedience to legitimate authorities." The test leader is a legitimate authority.
• The test leader took on the entire responsibility, so that the test subject did not have to feel responsible for what happened.
• The test leader was direct and physically close.
• There was no alternative model of how to behave.
• The requests went gradually, they got just a little worse every time. An effective way of the foot-in-the-door technique.

Criticism:

• The experiment is said to be ethically irresponsible because the subject may feel bad about himself.
• The experiment would not be generalizable to real crime. There are always things that play a role in the lab, and not in real life. For example, the subject could have continued the experiment because he assumed that the student's pain was not real.

Question 14

• Information influences: to be able to estimate how serious the situation is, information is sought from bystanders. Because everyone waits for others to do something, therefore nobody does anything, and nothing seems to be wrong.
• Normative influences: the presence of others and their evaluation of the situation influences their own reaction. In other words: people do nothing because they are afraid of 'being crazy'.
• Responsibility blurring: if more than one person is present, the responsibility to help is shared by all attendees. The larger the group, the greater the shared responsibility and the smaller the chance that someone will intervene.

What is personality psychology? – ExamTests 14

MC-questions

Question 1

Maria is very competitive and does not conform to the rules quickly. Indicate on which personality traits Maria would probably score high and which one low.

1. High on extraversion and low on autonomy.
2. Low on extraversion and high on friendliness.
3. Low on friendliness and high on autonomy.

Question 2

When studying personality, factor analysis is used to ...

1. ... derive the strength and direction of the relationship between personality traits.
2. ... determine which personality traits are desirable and which are undesirable.
3. ... derive underlying personality traits from large amounts of data.

Question 3

Personality traits are general descriptions of the personality of an individual. In general, personality traits ...

1. ... are only useful for long-term predictions.
2. ... are well connected with behavior in all kinds of situations.
3. ... predict certain behavior well, but not every behavior.

Question 4

The Big Five theory of personality traits came from ...

1. ... clinical practice.
2. ... an extensive meta-study of personality theories.
3. ... factor analyses.

Question 5

What is repression as a defense mechanism?

1. Terrifying thoughts are kept out of consciousness.
2. An unconscious, unacceptable wish or urge is converted into a more acceptable one.
3. When a person consciously experiences a drift as if it is that of another.
4. The use of conscious reasoning to wave away fear-provoking thoughts and feelings.

Question 6

According to the humanistic approach, people distinguish themselves ...

1. based on the extent to which they update their potentials.
2. on the basis of the degree to which they possess positive dispositional qualities.
3. by their early childhood experiences.
4. by the degree to which they possess certain characteristics.

Question 7

A school principal develops a test to measure anxiety. She takes the test with two people: Rita and Jan. Rita and Jan are tested both during gym class and during mathematics. The results were as follows:

These results suggest that anxiety as measured by the test is caused by ...

1. personality differences.
2. situational differences.
3. an interaction between personality and situation.
4. the school principal.

Open questions

Question 1

Nowadays personality is mainly measured with the Big Five theory, or the five factor model. What does this model entail?

Question 2

Freud talks about brain defense mechanisms. Name three of these mechanisms and explain how they work.

Question 3

What is the difference between humanistic and psychodynamic theories about personality?

Question 4

Explain what the terms 'sibling contrast' and 'split parent identification' mean.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C. Low on friendliness and high on autonomy.

Question 2

C. ... derive underlying personality traits from large amounts of data.

Question 3

C. ... predict certain behavior well, but not every behavior.

Question 4

C. ... factor analyses.

Question 5

A. Terrifying thoughts are kept out of consciousness.

Question 6

A. based on the extent to which they update their potentials.

Question 7

A. personality differences.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

This model means that personality is measured on the basis of scores for five different dimensions. These five dimensions are extraversion, openness to new experiences, indulgence, awareness and degree of neurotic being.

Question 2

• Displacement. In this form of defense, an unconscious wish that is not acceptable is replaced by an alternative that can be accepted. An example from the book is a child who is no longer allowed to suck on his mother's nipple (because that is no longer acceptable at a certain age), and therefore starts sucking on a lollipop.
• Reaction formation. Turning around of your secret wish. The fiercest anti-gay activists sometimes turn out to be gay themselves.
• Projection. Seeing your own unconscious feelings as if they belonged to someone else. For example, you may be very sad, but don't realize that, and instead have the idea that your neighbor is sad.

(Other correct answers are repression, sublimation and rationalization).

Question 3

Psychodynamic theories focus on the unconscious thoughts and motivations. The unconscious is more important, more honest and certainly stronger than the conscious. Humanistic theories emphasize how people understand themselves, and how important this is to build a meaningful existence for ourselves. The study of conscious understanding is called phenomenology.

Question 4

Sibling contrast: Parents emphasize the differences between children. This contrast could prevent rivalry between the siblings and divide the parental investment. Split parent identification: With which parent the children identify themselves the most.

What psychological dysfunctionalities exist? – ExamTests 15

MC-Questions

Question 1

Obsessive compulsive disorder belongs to the ...

1. ... anxiety disorders.
2. ... personality disorders.
3. … mood disorders.

Question 2

Someone tells a psychologist that he thinks he is Rutte. He also often hears a voice that says that he knows the solutions that are needed for Dutch problems. The psychologist diagnoses schizophrenia based on these facts alone. Can a psychologist working in the Netherlands who works according to the rules of the DSM V do this?

1. Yes, because the person shows at least 2 of the 5 symptoms required for a schizophrenia diagnosis.
2. No, this is insufficient for a schizophrenia diagnosis.
3. No, because only psychiatrists can diagnose schizophrenia and prescribe the necessary medication.

Question 3

Research shows that people can get into depression because of ...

1. ... physical exhaustion, because it directly disrupts the production of serotonin.
2. ... personal choices that require a change in the self-concept.
3. ... losses that cause a permanent change in one's life.

Question 4

In bipolar disorder ...

1. depressive periods are alternated with manic periods.
2. a person is generally severely depressed.
3. a person is generally hyperactive.
4. none of the options above.

Question 5

A symptom of schizophrenia is referred to as negative when ...

1. it concerns the behavior that does not occur among normal people.
2. it refers to a deficiency in normal functioning.
3. the contact with reality is broken.
4. the chance of a cure is minimal.

Question 6

Depression is related to reduced activity in ...

1. the temporal lobe.
2. the occipital lobe.
3. the frontal lob.
4. the parietal lobe.

Question 7

The dopamine hypothesis is based on the idea that schizophrenia is the result of:

1. the production of an abnormal substance in the brain, dopamine.
2. the overactivity of a number of neurons that are sensitive to dopamine.
3. the inability to produce sufficient dopamine.
4. the inhibition of brain activity caused by dopamine.

Question 8

Which of the following options is a mood disorder?

1. Phobia
2. Hysterical conversion
3. Schizophrenia
4. Depression

Question 9

When evaluating the effectiveness of a medication, one should take into account the possible effects of

1. spontaneous recovery.
2. placebo.
3. the expectations of the researchers.
4. All the above options.

Question 10

Automutilation is mainly found in ...

1. schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder.
2. borderline personality disorder, paranoia.
3. autism, schizophrenia.

Question 11

Instability and impulsiveness are characteristics of the:

1. narcissistic personality disorder
2. borderline personality disorder
3. antisocial personality disorder
4. compulsive personality disorder

Question 12

The DSM classifies disorders on the basis of

1. Biological causes.
2. Psychological and behavioral symptoms.
3. Psychological symptoms.
4. Biological and psychological causes.

Question 13

Someone suffers from schizophrenia and believes he has been sent by God to heal people from diabolical influences. This idea is an example of a:

1. Phobia.
2. Hallucination.
3. Affect.
4. Delusion.

Open questions

Question 1

How does bipolar depression differ from unipolar depression?

Question 2

What can be said about the degree of reliability and validity of the current version of the DSM and, in connection with this, about the usability of this instrument?

Question 3

What are the main classes of symptoms in schizophrenia?

Question 4

How did the researchers try to classify the subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptoms?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. ... anxiety disorders.

Question 2

B. No, this is insufficient for a schizophrenia diagnosis.

Question 3

C. ... losses that cause a permanent change in one's life.

Question 4

A. depressive periods are alternated with manic periods.

Question 5

B. it refers to a deficiency in normal functioning.

Question 6

C. the frontal lob.

Question 7

B. the overactivity of a number of neurons that are sensitive to dopamine.

Question 8

D. Depression

Question 9

D. the expectations of the researchers

Question 10

A. schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder

Question 11

B. borderline personality disorder

Question 12

B. Psychological and behavioral symptoms

Question 13

D. Delusion

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

A bipolar depression has the same phases of depression as a unipolar depression, where there is a feeling of sadness and the feeling of being worthless. At the same time there are also phases in which the patient experiences euphoria and the feeling that he can handle everything (these are the manic periods).

Question 2

DSM: list with a number of characteristics or symptoms of certain disorders and based on that you can make a diagnosis. Reliability and validity are two different concepts. Both are debatable with regard to the DSM. The validity can be increased if more research is done. Nevertheless, the DSM is used a lot, for lack of better. Caution when using is very important. For example, there should not be too much emphasis on certain symptoms. Care must be taken that a person is not seen as a syndrome, but as an individual with unique personal characteristics.

Question 3

There are two classes with symptoms of schizophrenia, positive and negative symptoms:

Positive symptoms:

• Delusion: Incorrect beliefs (being chased).
• Hallucinations: incorrect sensory perceptions.
• Disorganized speech and thoughts.
• Disorganized behavior: Inappropriate behavior or catatonic behavior (not responding to the environment).

Negative symptoms:

• Fewer physical movements.
• Speak less, slower, more thoughtfully.
• Absence of emotions.
• As a result, less pleasure in things, including basic needs such as food.

Question 4

Three types of types of people with schizophrenia:

• Paranoid type: delusions, hallucinations (positive symptoms).
• Catatonia type: not responding to the environment.
• Disorganized type: disorganized speech, disorganized behavior.

What kind of treatment exists for psychological disorders? – ExamTests 16

MC-questions

Question 1

Human behavior can be studied from different perspectives within psychology. A psychologist who in her research into sexual jealousy emphasizes the role of our beliefs and interpretations has apparently opted for a….

1. genetic approach.
2. neuronal approach.
3. cognitive-psychological approach.
4. developmental psychological approach.

Question 2

Which of the following factors plays an intermediary role in the placebo effect in most cases?

1. The production of endorphins.
2. An increased sensitivity of the A-delta fibers.
3. The reabsorption of potassium by C fibers.
4. Direct electrical stimulation of the "Periaqueductal Gray" (PAG).

Question 3

A therapist asks an adult patient who is being treated for depression about the conflicts she used to have with her father. The therapist probably uses an ... orientation at that time.

1. behavioral therapeutic.
2. humanistic.
3. psychodynamic.

Question 4

A therapy where the emphasis is on the assumption that psychological problems arise from mental conflicts and that conscious insight into those conflicts is a precondition for recovery is a…

1. ... cognitive therapy.
2. ... humanistic therapy.
3. ... psychodynamic therapy.

Question 5

Some patients get better in therapy simply because they believe it will benefit them. This demonstrates the ...

1. dodo bird effect.
2. effect of confirmation.
3. double blind effect.
4. placebo effect.

Question 6

“People need more than food and sex. .... Some actions are intrinsically satisfying because they create joy. "

The person who makes these statements is probably a:

1. Behaviorist.
2. Humanist.
3. Psychoanalyst.
4. neo-Freudianist.

Question 7

Cognitive therapy helps the patient with:

1. remembering traumatic early childhood experiences.
2. the positive reaction of the mind to stressful situations.
3. relax mind and body.
4. to identify and change inappropriate thinking patterns.

Open questions

Question 1

What do antipsychotic drugs do?

Question 2

What are the three principles of humanistic therapy?

Question 3

What is the most commonly used therapy nowadays?

Question 4

Name two types of therapy within behavioral therapy and explain.

Question 5

Briefly explain how people with a mental disorder were treated in history.

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C

2. A

3. C

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. D

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

These drugs reduce the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which reduces psychotic symptoms, but does not cure patients. Moreover, they all have very unpleasant side effects.

Question 2

• Let the client take the lead so that it does not become too passive. This goes so far that humanistic therapists sometimes only paraphrase and add nothing to what the client says.
• Listening attentively and with empathy. Empathy with the client is extremely important from a humanistic perspective.
• 'Unconditional positive regard' means that the therapist must always assume that the client is worthy and competent, even though that sometimes does not seem to be the case.

Question 3

This is a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Both the undesirable behavior and the maladaptive attitudes that underlie it are tackled.

Question 4

• Contingency management. With this therapy, the therapist looks at the form of reward that a person receives for his behavior. In order for the behavior to stop, this reward must be removed.
• Exposure treatment. This is a treatment for a phobia, where it is especially important that the patient is exposed to his / her anxiety. This often happens in small steps. For example, a person who is afraid of a spider can first imagine a spider, then look at a spider in a book, and then see it in a glass container to finally take the animal in his hand.

Question 5

Until the 17th century it was often thought that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil or were otherwise bad. The most sadistic treatments followed. In the 18th century so-called hospitals were created, where people with little space or hygiene were locked up. Dorothea Dix came with her moral-treatment movement in the 19th century, where people were helped under better conditions. This continued until around 1950, when a wave of de-institutionalization arose. From then on it became important to get people from the clinics back into society.

ExamTickets per chapter with the 8th edition of Psychology by Gray – Chapter

What are the foundations of the study of psychology? - ExamTickets 1

• The book emphasizes the three fundamental ideas for psychology. It is therefore important to know these by heart and to understand them well. It is to be expected that several questions will be asked about this.
• Collaboration between academic fields is becoming increasingly important. Make sure you can explain what the definition of psychology is and how psychology is related to other academic fields.

What are the methods in psychology? - ExamTickets 2

• When learning the different types of research methods, it can help to put them in a table and to note the similarities and differences. These methods are important to know for the rest of the study, so questions about this can be expected.
• The book emphasizes some forms of bias that people may encounter while doing research. Because of this emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about those biases during the exam.

How do genetics and evolution form the foundation for behaviour? - ExamTickets 3

• Because of the book's emphasis on evolutionary theory and the fact that evolutionary theory is the current paradigm, it is wise to understand and be able to explain this theory well. It is to be expected that questions will be asked about this theory and / or that situations must be explained from this theory.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: adaptation, epigenetics, evolution, functionalism, and natural selection. Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.

How do neurons control behaviour? - ExamTickets 4

• Because of the book's emphasis on neurons and their functionality, it is important to memorize this and be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: (Brocas and Wernicke’s) aphasia, association areas, hormones, and neurons. Make sure you understand them and know these terms by heart for the exam.

What are the mechanisms of motivation and emotion? - ExamTickets 5

• Because of the book's emphasis on the general principles of motivation, it is important to memorize this and be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about the exam.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: central-state theory of drives, discrete emotion theory, dopamine, emotion, motivation, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep. Make sure you understand and know these terms by heart before the exam.

How does psychophysics study the senses? – ExamTickets 6

• Because of the book's emphasis on sensation and perception, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly, including the difference between the two. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• The following terms, among others, are important terms from this chapter: absolute threshold, difference threshold, gate control theory, perception, psychophysics, sensation, signal detection theory and Weber's law. Make sure you understand and know these terms by heart before the exam.

How does the psychology of vision work? - ExamTickets 7

• Because of the book's emphasis on how the eye works, it is important to memorize this and be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• The book also emphasizes two major theories about color vision. Make sure you know the similarities and differences between these theories and can explain them well.

What basic processes underly learning? - ExamTickets 8

• Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are important concepts in psychology. It is wise to properly learn and understand these concepts and the associated terms (such as conditioned response and conditioned stimulus), because it is to be expected that questions will be asked about this during the exam. Make sure that you have the differences and similarities clear to yourself.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: play, exploration, social learning, behavior sim, law of effect, and reflex. Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.

How do memory, attention, and consciousness interact? - ExamTickets 9

• Because of the emphasis of the book on the information processing model of the mind, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about the exam.

• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: anterograde amnesia, attention, central executive, consciousness, consolidation, dual-processing theories, encoding, executive functions, memory, retrieval, retrograde amnesia, schema and scripts. Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.

• There are very many types of memory. To learn these well and to know the distinction between the different types well, it can help to place them in a table. This gives you an overview.

How does intelligence and cognition work? - ExamTickets 10

• Because of the book's emphasis on inductive and deductive reasoning, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about the exam.
• To succeed at the first point, it may be useful to write down the characteristics of the different types of reasoning point by point with examples. Doing this increases the chance that you will remember it for the exam.

How did thought and language develop? - ExamTickets 11

• Due to the book's emphasis on Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory and the information processing model of cognitive development, it is important to memorize them and be able to explain them properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• It may be useful to write down the characteristics of the different theories point by point with examples in a table. Doing this increases the chance that you will remember all of it on the exam.

What is the course of psychosocial development? – ExamTickets 12

• Because of the book's emphasis on attachment, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly, including the difference between the different types of attachment. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: attachment, parenting styles, and strange-situation test. Make sure you understand these terms by heart before the exam.

What is social psychology? - ExamTickets 13

• Because of the emphasis of the book on the perception of others and the perception of self, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: attribution, cognitive dissonance theory, groupthink, self-confidence, social psychology, and stereotype. Make sure you understand these terms by heart before the exam.

What is personality psychology? – ExamTickets 14

• Because of the book's emphasis on personality and the psychodynamic theory of personality, it is important to memorize this and be able to explain it well. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about it on the exam.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: defense mechanisms, five-factor model, grit, locus of control, personality, projection, rationalization and trait. Make sure you understand these terms by heart before the exam.

What psychological dysfunctionalities exist? – ExamTickets 15

• This entire chapter is about mental disorders. Make sure that you can explain how these disorders are defined and categorized and how culture influences this. This is very important within clinical psychology and therefore it is to be expected that questions will be asked about this during the exam.
• The following terms, among others, are important terms from this chapter: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, DSM-5, phobia, reliability and validity. Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.

What kind of treatment exists for psychological disorders? – ExamTickets 16

• There are different approaches to the treatment of mental disorders, namely the biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral and cognitive approaches. It goes without saying that questions about this will most likely come up during the exam. To learn the approaches well and also to know the differences and the similarities well, it is useful to put this in a table.
• Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: behavioral therapy, clinical psychology, cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, psychodynamic therapy and transfer (transference). Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.