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+ More employment opportunity
+Cities are exciting, lively and diverse
+More cultural, educational and medical resources
- Crowdedness, information overload.
- High density
-Pollution
-Crime
Amusement parks: queuing devices
Campings: zoning (grouping of like minded people)
Article on information overload in cities: Milgram (1970). The experience of living in cities.
Change in social responsibility:
Two hypotheses:
Politeness is less frequent in large compared to smaller city (confirmed)
Politeness is not sensitive to immediate population density (not confirmed)
When dealing, drugs dealers:
Premises:
Natural vs non-natural environment --> attentional fatigue --> aggression
"Broken windows theory”:Stating (1) that disorder is more likely when descriptive norm is in conflict with injunctive norm and (2) that disorder may spread to other forms of behavior: “cross-norm inhibition”
If a norm is broken in a public place, other social norms are more easily broken also. The effect has long-term consequences also (see: Dur & Vollaard (2015). The Power of a Bad Example: A Field Experiment in Household Garbage Disposal)
Education Category: General
Ages: 16+
No follow-up was made to find a solution to this issue
Attention Restoration Theory
3 components:
Utilise cues (Brunswik's lens model)
4 types of cues:
Data collection on 3 sources:
Cue validity:cues that are good predictors for a certain trait
Social dilemma: private interest vs environmental interest
Example: driving fast
Pro:
Con:
Defection enhanced by:
Averting the tragedy of the commons by Van Vugt (2009):
Life history theory
If you want to get people engaged, focus on the immediate consequences and don't phrase things in terms of the future
Consumers steer sustainable marketing:
Dimensions for choosing a product/brand
The four P's of sustainable marketing
Conclusion:
+ More employment opportunity
+Cities are exciting, lively and diverse
+More cultural, educational and medical resources
- Crowdedness, information overload.
- High density
-Pollution
-Crime
Amusement parks: queuing devices
Campings: zoning (grouping of like minded people)
Article on information overload in cities: Milgram (1970). The experience of living in cities.
Change in social responsibility:
People have been recommended to go to onature for its well-being effects since (at least) the 19th century
Epidemological research: understanding what factors determin a large population to get sick
There is an innnate emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms. It likely evolved while hunter-gatherers were living in, with, and of nature. That is why natural landscapes are intrinsically rewarding and enjoyable.
2. Attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995):
What neural processes can explain this relation?
Conclusion of study: People living in cities can not cope as well with social stress as people living more rural; especially with a childhood raised in urban areas
Nature
.....read moreCompared to traditional perception research:
BASIC NEEDS
Understanding Exploration
---------------------------------------------
Immediate Coherence Diversity
Inferred, Legibility Mystery
Predicted
Research questions:
Conclusion of research:
Evolutionary perspective:
Five “ancestral” tendencies:
Example of status and self-interest: desire to plant trees is increased when name tag (of person who planted) is placed on the tree
What has more affect on peopoles' behavior when it comes to reusing a towel?
SOCIAL NORM: JOIN YOUR FELLOW GUESTS IN HELPING TO SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT. Almost 75% of the guests help the environment by reusing their towels. Help save the environment by reusing your towels yourself during your stay.
The "social norm" message was much more effective'
Theory of Planned Behavior:Theory in which attitudinal, normative and control beliefs are modeled to predict behavior
Providing information/education:
Direct behavioral information:
PROMPTS (encouragement/reminder)
FEEDBACK (information about performed behavior and/or effects of behavior)
Other types of interventions:
EcoTeam Program:
Structured action program for environmental behavior in the household
Three components:
Findings/Conclusion:
Problem of disposable coffee cups (in UK)
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