Gendron, Crivelli, & Barrett (2018). Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions.

The universality thesis states that certain configurations of facial movements are universally perceived as expressing particular emotions. It is possible that people are active perceivers who categorize facial movement using culturally learned emotion concepts.

The universality thesis might have found more support because of the methodological constraints put on the participants (e.g. matching facial expressions to a fixed list of answers). Less constraining methods weaken the evidence found for the universality thesis.

It is possible that the universality thesis has to be weakened as it might be possible that people do not recognize emotion concepts in other people but recognize pleasure and displeasure in all people. People from small-scale societies do not always infer a specific mental feature as the cause of facial movements. They also show action identification, where they make sense of facial movements as behaviours.

Emotion perception requires the perceiver to give meaning to the facial expression which might be culturally determined.  

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