There are several major principles of youth interventions:

1. Children and young people rarely refer themselves
2. Children are rarely treated in isolation
3. There is a chance to intervene early
4. There is almost always a lot of heterogeneity
5. Development has to be taken into account

Children not referring themselves leads to

There are three learning paths to fear:

1. Modelling (i.e. modelling and positive reward)
   This holds that fear develops as a result of imitation and stories (i.e. imitation).
2. Classical conditioning (i.e. systematic desensitization)
   This holds that fear develops through associative learning.
3. Operant conditioning (i.e. exposure)
   This holds that fear develops through gratification

There are several guidelines for treating children with ADHD:

1. Always start with psychoeducation.
2. Offer behavioural parent and/or teacher training.
3. Offer medication in severe cases or when the previous interventions were not effective.

Behavioural intervention cannot be supported as a front-line treatment for core ADHD symptoms. This is especially the case in studies

Traditionally, a specific learning disability (SLD) referred to a discrepancy of one to two standard deviations between intellectual functioning and academic functioning. However, the amount of discrepancy was arbitrary (1), older children were favoured (2), higher IQs were favoured (3) and it was failure-based (4). Currently, the definition holds that achievement in key academic areas is substantially below

Trauma refers to a normal response to an abnormal event. About 14% of the children exposed to a trauma develop PTSD. The probability of developing PTSD increase the longer and more severe the traumatic events are.

PTSD includes several symptoms:

• Intrusion symptoms (e.g. nightmares; flashbacks)
• Avoidance behaviour
• Negative alterations in cognitions and