Supersummary: Information systems today: managing the digital world (8th edition)

Supersummary: Information systems today: managing the digital world (8th edition)

Globalization leads to economic changes, technological changes and cultural changes. It reduces transportation costs, but creates governmental, geoeconomic and cultural challenges. Demographics change, economic power changes, sustainability is becoming more important as well as technological innovation. Trends shaping IT are mobile, social media, internet, cloud computing and big data. IS collect, distribute and create useful data, working with networks, software and hardware. Different types of IS are: transaction processing systems (TPS), management information, office automation, decision support, business intelligence and electronic commerce systems.

IS supports business processes, automating, organizational learning and strategic planning. Four business strategies are: home-replication, global, multidomestic and transnational. Innovation is important for differentiation. To adapt an organization needs process, resource and risk tolerance requirements. The cycle of disruptive innovation consists of choosing enabling technologies, matching these to opportunities, executing business innovation for growth & selecting technology with the biggest potential and assessing its value.

IS infrastructure consists of software, hardware, storage, data centers and networking. Storage, transmission of data and processing are capabilities organizations depend on. Software helps with automization. Databases are crucial for operations and competitive advantages, for operational, backup and archival purposes on basis of life span, access speed and timelessness. Five types of computers are: supercomputer, mainframe, server, workstation and personal computer. Computing network types are personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN).

Electric commerce (EC) is the exchange of services, goods an money supported by communication technologies. Business-to-consumer (B2C) is the transaction between consumers and businesses. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) does not include any firms. M-commerce consists of electronic transactions or information interaction. E-government entails the use of IS to provide information about public services and enables interaction with the government. This provides government-to-citizens (G2C), government-to-business (G2B) and government-to-government (G2G). E-tailing is the online selling of goods and services. Strategies are brick-and-mortar, click-and-mortar and click-only. New models as a result of the internet are: mass customization, disintermediation, group buying, new revenue and pricing models and social commerce. Network effect is the value of a network, which increases as more people use it.

Business intelligence is the use of IS to collect and analyze accurate and integrated information to improve decisionmaking and performance. Database management systems (DBMS), relational database management system (RDBMS) and NoSQL are different types of databases. Online transaction processing (OLP) gathers, transforms and updates to enable quick respond to consumers. Data mining enables finding hidden predictive relationships within data. A decision support system (DSS) is made to tackle a particular problem, like corporate planning, cost analysis, product design, discounted cash flow analysis and marketing.

Different functional areas within a company are: marketing, manufacturing & operations, accounting & finance, supply chain management and human resources. Core processes are: order-to-cash, procedure-to-pay and make-to-stock & make-to-order. Core activities are: marketing & sales, manufacturing & operations, customer service, inbound and outbound logistics. Supportive activities are: administration, infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement. Steps of business process management (BPM) are: developing, identifying, understanding & measuring, improving and designing & implementing. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) supports accessibility of information and implementing audit controls.

For B2B transactions communication and portals are important. A just-in-time (JIT) strategy ordering quantities can be optimized, costs reduced and storage minimized. Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) entails having the supplier mage inventory instead of the manufacturer. Supply chain management (SCM) systems improve coordination, distribution, satisfaction and production, while reducing costs. Supply chain execution (SCE) involves product flow, information flow and financial flow. Customer relationship management (CRM) consists of operational, analytical and collaborative components. The operational component consists of sales force automation (SFA), customer service & support (CSS) and enterprise marketing management (EMM).

The productivity paradox consists of the contradiction between more investments and less effectiveness and productivity. The system development life cycle (SDLC) includes planning & selection, analysis, design and implementation & operation. Maintenance types are: corrective, adaptive, preventive and perfective. Acquisition involves systems planning and selection, analysis of the systems, development of request for proposal, evaluation of the proposal and selection of the vendor.

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are electronic attacks that disable the users of the system to use a certain service. IS can be threatened by spyware, cookies and spam (malware and viruses). The difference between a cyberwar (government) and cyberterrorism (organized groups), lies with who launches it. Prevention includes assessing risks, developing security, implementing controls and training and monitoring security.