Exam questions

These exam questions have also been made available in the lecture notes (https://www.worldsupporter.org/nl/bundle/71294-clinical-psychology-lectures-20192020) and in the sheetnotes for workgroup 7. In this bundle these exam questions are bundled together and have been categorised for each topic.

Exam questions

Anxiety disorders

1. What are symptoms of a panic disorder?

2. What is the attentional bias?

Personality disorders

3. People with borderline PD often exhibit which of the following characteristics?
A. Unpredictable and impulsive
B. Uninhibited and promiscuous
C. Demanding and angry
D. All of above

4. Peter has a difficult time maintaining friendships. He is generally suspicious of the motives of others, often misinterpreting the behaviour of his friends. Based on this information, the most likely PD diagnosis for Peter would be:
A. Paranoid personality disorder
B. Avoidant personality disorder
C. Dependent personality disorder
D. Histrionic personality disorder
 
5. With which disorder does personality disorder have the highest comorbidity?

6. Describe which dissociative symptoms can be present in a personality disorder

Addiction

7. How many criteria must be met to meet the diagnosis for substance use disorder?

8. Psychoactive drugs are drugs that…
A. Have little effect or no effect on mood or behaviour
B. Alter only behaviour
C. Alter only mood
D. Alter behaviour or mood

9. Which of the following is a common side effect of sniffing/snorting a drug?
A. Elevated chance of overdose
B. Increased chance of infection
C. Vein scarring
D. Damage to the nasal membrane lining

10. Which of the following is a psychoactive drug? Also describe the effects a psychoactive drug has on the body. 
A. Opium
B. Malathion
C. Birth control pills
D. Ketamine

11. Describe the incentive-sensitisation theory of addiction using an example.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

12. Which disorder has the highest prevalence in general practice?
A. Somatic symptom disorder
B. Anxiety disorder
C. Depression

13. Does somatic symptom disorder also include patients whose excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviour worsen a medical condition?

14.  Describe the difference between somatic symptom disorders and psychosomatic disorders.

Eating disorders

15. How can we study the relation between eating disorders and mood/depressive symptoms?

16. What does ARFID stand for and what are the symptoms described in the DSM V?

Psychotic disorders

17. A patient with a history of schizophrenia is brought to the emergency department. The patient is agitated and demonstrates generalized muscle rigidity. Temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate are elevated. These assessment findings are consistent with which of the following adverse effects of antipsychotic medications?
A. Tardive dyskinesia
B. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
C. Parkinsonism 
D. Serotonin syndrome 

18. A patient diagnosed with schizophrenia states, "I am president of the United States!". Which type of psychotic symptom is the patient demonstrating? 
A. Delusion of grandeur
B. Delusion of persecution 
C. Magical thinking 
D. Religiosity 

19. A patient is diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. When interviewing the patient, the healthcare provider would most likely observe which of the following behaviors?
A. Disregard for violating the rights of others
B. Distrust or suspiciousness of others' motives
C. Detachment from social relationships
D. Excessive attention seeking 

20. Which neurotransmitter plays a role in agressive impulses?

Mood disorders

21. The healthcare provider is counseling a patient who is diagnosed with depression. Which of the following statements made by a patient should the healthcare provider recognize as a sign of transference? How can transference be defined?
A. "I am glad I lost my job because now I don't have to commute"
B. It's amazing how much you remind me of my favourite teacher"
C. I may not be good looking, but I get really good grades"
D. "I drink so I can deal with the difficult situation at work"

22. A patient diagnosed with major depressive disorder is admitted for inpatient care. Which of the following is the primary goal during the admission assessment? 
A. Establishing desired outcomes for the patient.
B. Administering antidepressant medications
C. Collecting and organising patient data
D. Reviewing the policies for patient conduct

23.  A patient is admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit because of a plan to commit suicide by taking an overdose of medication. When administering medications to this patient, which of these interventions is the priority?
A. Ensure that the patient is not 'cheeking' the medications
B. Teach the patient how to recognise adverse effects of the medications
C. Monitor the patient's vital signs before administration of medications 
D. Monitor the patient for signs of anorexia, nausea, and xerostomia

Answers

Anxiety disorders
1. Emotions of panic and anxiety, sweating, increased heart rate, dizziness, nausea, feeling of dying
(Chapter 7, Anxiety, Rachman et al., 2013)

2. When focusing on scanning your body, you are more likely to feel sensations which you didn’t feel at first
(Van der Does, Lecture 2, 2020)

Personality disorders
3. A
(Tyrer, Reed, & Crawford, 2015)

4. A
(Tyrer, Reed, & Crawford, 2015)

5. Anxiety disorders (70%)
(Tyrer, Reed, & Crawford, 2015)

6. People with psychosomatic disorders have a physical illness, which is exacerbated by their psychological state. People with somatic symptom disorders do not have diseases with a physical cause. 
(Tyrer, Reed, & Crawford, 2015)

Addiction
7. At least two
(Chapter 1, Addiction, Teesson, Hall, Proudfoot, & Degenhardt, 2012/2013)

8. D
(Chapter 1, Addiction, Teesson, Hall, Proudfoot, & Degenhardt, 2012/2013)

9. D
(Chapter 3, Addiction, Teesson, Hall, Proudfoot, & Degenhardt, 2012/2013)

10. A
Psychoactive drugs act on the central nervous system and the functioning of the brain. It results in temporary changes in mood, consciousness, behaviour and perception. 
(Chapter 1, Addiction, Teesson, Hall, Proudfoot, & Degenhardt, 2012/2013)

11. 1) Developing hyposensitisation when someone gets in touch with addicitve substances. Someone will be less likely to experience the effects of the substance when that person uses it more often. Example: using cocaine
2) The addictive substance the neurological system and influences one's behaviour. The person will feel more joy when using the substance. Example: feeling joy and other desirable sensations when using cocaine.
3) Incentive salience: the urge to use the substance. It goes beyond 'liking' the substance and its effects. Example: feeling like you really need the cocaine, instead of just using it for 'fun'.
4) Repetition of behaviour
(Hendriks, Lecture 4, 2020)

Somatic Symptom Disorder
12. A
(Zonneveld, Lecture 5, 2020)

13. No
When one's excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviour worsen a medical condition they are more likely to be diagnosed with Illness Anxiety Disorder (previously known as hypochondria) 
(Zonneveld, Lecture 5, 2020)

14. People with psychosomatic disorders have a physical illness, which is exacerbated by their psychological state. People with somatic symptom disorders do not have diseases with a physical cause. 
(Somatic symptom disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013)

Eating disorders
15. This can be done by doing experimental studies or EMA studies. In EMA studies, questions are asked several times a day as it is a repeated measures within one person. This can either be fixed sampling (measuring on specific moments a day), event sampling (recording when specific behaviours occur), or random sampling (random within a specific time period, e.g. 2 hours). There is a report on symptoms, affect, behaviour, social activities and cognitions.
(Dingemans, Lecture 6, 2020)

16. ARFID stands for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. Symptoms are weight loss, nutritional deficiency, tube feeding, marked interference with psychosocial functioning
(Slof-Op ’T Landt & Dingemans, Lecture 6, 2020)

Psychotic disorders
17. B
Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications, which can be used for psychotic disorders like Schizophrenia. It causes stiffness and jerky movements which you cannot control. Examples of these are sticking out your tongue, frowning, grunting, chewing, blinking your eyes very fast, flapping your arms and tapping your feet. 
(Mathews, M., Gratz, S., Adetunji, B., George, V., Mathews, M., & Basil, B. (2005). Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders). 
 

18. A
(Lieberman & First, 2018)

19. C
Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterised by (among other things) not desiring or enjoying close relationships, no interest in sexual experiences, lack of close relationships and emotional coldness and detachment
(Lieberman & First, 2018)

20. Serotonin
When serotonin levels are low, e.g. as a consequence of not eating, not sleeping or certain medication, it will be more difficult for the prefrontal cortex to control emotional responses like anger. 
(Beck, Himmelstein, & Grant, 2019)

Mood disorders
21. B
Transference can be described as a phenomenon where one person directs his or her feelings, desires and expectations on another person. This can happen when, for example, someone is in therapy and has the expectations of and feelings towards her father projected on her therapist.
(Molendijk, Lecture 8, 2020)

22. C
When assessing a patient it is important to first get a broad view of the patient and their behaviour, thoughts and background. You cannot prescribe medications before knowing what the patient needs. The same goes for establishing desired outcomes for the patient. You cannot establish and guarantee this for the patients unless you have collected and organised information about the patient. 
(Molendijk, Lecture 8, 2020)

23. A
(Molendijk, Lecture 8, 2020)