Disorder

Schizophrenia

Symptoms

Two OR MORE of the following and one should be either 1, 2 or 3:

• Delusions (1)

• Hallucinations (2)

• Disorganized speech (3)

• Disorganized speech or catatonic behaviour (4)

Negative symptoms SUCH AS:

• Avolition (apathy)

• Asociality

• Anhedonia

• Alogia

• Blunted affect

Time

6 months (MUST INCLUDE ONE MONTH OF ACUTE EPISODE OR ACTIVE PHASE)

Prevalence

0.7%-1%

Comorbidity

High (substance abuse, PTSD

Other

• More men than women

• Typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood

• Suicide rates are high

• Women have more symptoms but better functioning

Disorder

Schizophreniform disorder

Symptoms

Two OR MORE of the following and one should be either 1, 2 or 3:

• Delusions (1)

• Hallucinations (2)

• Disorganized speech (3)

• Disorganized speech or catatonic behaviour (4)

Negative symptoms SUCH AS:

• Avolition (apathy)

• Asociality

• Anhedonia

• Alogia

• Blunted affect

Time

1 – 6 months

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

High (substance abuse, PTSD

Other

• More men than women

• If it lasts longer than 6 months, it is schizophrenia

Disorder

Schizoaffective disorder

Symptoms

• Several symptoms from the schizophrenia disorder in absence of a manic or depressive episode for AT LEAST two weeks

• One manic OR depressive episode

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

High

Other

• More men than women

• Specify the type: depressive or bipolar

Disorder

Brief psychotic disorder

Symptoms

Two OR MORE of the following and one should be either 1, 2 or 3:

• Delusions (1)

• Hallucinations (2)

• Disorganized speech (3)

• Disorganized speech or catatonic behaviour (4)

Negative symptoms SUCH AS:

• Avolition (apathy)

• Asociality

• Anhedonia

• Alogia

• Blunted affect

Time

1 day – 1 month

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (PTSD)

Other

• Often brought on by extreme stress

Disorder

Delusional disorder

Symptoms

• Persistent delusions

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Substance use disorder

Symptoms

• Problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning

AT LEAST two symptoms that impairs functioning within a 1-year period:

• Failure to meet obligations

• Repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous

• Repeated relationship problems

• Continued use despite problems caused by the substance

• Tolerance

• Withdrawal

• Substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended

• Efforts to reduce or control use do not work

• Much time spent trying to obtain the substance

• Social, hobbies or work activities given up or reduced

• Craving to use the substance is strong

Time

1 year

Prevalence

Depends on the specifier

Comorbidity

High (other substance use disorders, personality disorder, mood disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders)

Other

• Prevalence is influenced by peers, media and cultural norms

• Alcohol disorder often more men than women

• Availability of substance influences prevalence

Disorder

Anorexia Nervosa

Symptoms

• Restriction of food that leads to a very low body weight; body weight is significantly below normal

• Intense fear of weight gain or repeated behaviours that interfere with weight gain

• Body image disturbance

Time

  Not specified

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

High (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder and personality disorders)

Other

• More women than men

• Severity ratings are based on BMI

• Typically begins in middle teenage years after a period of dieting

Disorder

Anorexia Nervosa: restricting type

Symptoms

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa AND:

• Weight loss is achieved by severely limiting food intake

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

High (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder and personality disorders)

Other

• More women than men

• Severity ratings are based on BMI

Disorder

Anorexia Nervosa: binge-eating/purging type

Symptoms

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa AND:

• There are regular binge-eating and purging episodes

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

High (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder and personality disorders)

Other

• More women than men

• Severity ratings are based on BMI

Disorder

Bulimia nervosa

Symptoms

• Recurrent episodes of binge eating

• Recurrent compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain (e.g., vomiting)

• Body shape and weight are extremely important for self-evaluation

Time

AT LEAST once a week for three months

Prevalence

1%-2%

Comorbidity

High (depression, personality disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders and conduct disorder)

Other

• More women than men

• Typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood

• Often slightly overweight before onset of disorder

• NOT diagnosed if purging occurs in the context of anorexia nervosa

Disorder

Binge-eating disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent binge eating episodes

• No compensatory behaviour is present

Binge eating episodes include AT LEAST three of the following:

• Eating more quickly than normal

• Eating until over full

• Eating large amounts even when not hungry

• Eating alone due to embarrassment about large food quantity

• Feeling bad after binge

Time

AT LEAST one time per week for AT LEAST three months

Prevalence

0.2%-4.7%

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders, ADHD, conduct disorder and substance use disorder)

Other

• More women than men

• Absence of weight loss

• Obesity is often present

Disorder

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Symptoms

Diminished, absent or reduced frequency of AT LEAST three of the following:

• Interest in sexual activity

• Erotic thoughts or fantasies

• Initiation of sexual activity and responsiveness to partner’s attempt to initiate sexual activity

• Sexual excitement/pleasure during 75% of sexual encounters

• Sexual interest/arousal elicited by any internal or external erotic cues

• Genital or non-genital sensations during 75% of sexual encounters

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specifeid

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Not diagnosed if the consequence of severe relationship distress

Disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Symptoms

• Sexual fantasies and desires, as judged by the clinician, are deficient or absent

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Not diagnosed if the consequence of severe relationship distress

Disorder

Erectile disorder

Symptoms

On AT LEAST 75% of the sexual occasions:

• Inability to attain an erection OR

• Inability to maintain an erection for completion of sexual activity OR

• Marked decrease in erectile rigidity interferes with penetration or pleasure

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

13%-28%

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Not diagnosed if the consequence of severe relationship distress

Disorder

Female orgasmic disorder

Symptoms

On AT LEAST 75% of the sexual occasions:

• Marked delay, infrequency or absence of orgasm

• Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensation

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Not diagnosed if the consequence of severe relationship distress

Disorder

Delayed ejaculation

Symptoms

On AT LEAST 75% of sexual occasions

• Marked delay, infrequency or absence of orgasm

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

<1%

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Not diagnosed if the consequence of severe relationship distress

Disorder

Premature ejaculation

Symptoms

On AT LEAST 75% of sexual occasions

• Tendency to ejaculate during partnered sexual activity within one minute of penile insertion

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

<3%

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Prevalence increases greatly with age

Disorder

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Symptoms

Persistent or recurrent difficulties with AT LEAST one of the following:

• Inability to have (vaginal) penetration during intercourse

• Marked vulvar, vaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal penetration or intercourse attempts

• Marked fear or anxiety about pain or penetration

• Marked tensing of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Fetishistic disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving the use of non-living objects or non-genital body parts

• Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning

• The sexually arousing objects are not limited to articles of clothing used in cross-dressing or to devices designed to promote tactile sensation

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adolescence

• More men than women

Disorder

Pedophilic disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child

• Person has acted on these urges or the urges cause marked distress or interpersonal problems

• Person is at least 16 years old and 5 years older than the child

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adolescence

• Overt physical force is seldom used

• Specify if incest is present

• More men than women

Disorder

Voyeuristic disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving the observation of unsuspecting others who are naked, disrobing or engaged in sexual activity

• The person has acted on these urges with a non-consenting person OR the urges and fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal problems

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adolescence

• More men than women

Disorder

Exhibitionistic disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving showing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person

• The person has acted on these urges to a nonconsenting person OR the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress or interpersonal problems

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adolescence

• More men than women

Disorder

Frotteuristic disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person

• The person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person OR the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress or interpersonal problems

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adolescence

• More men than women

Disorder

Sexual sadism disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving the physical or psychological suffering of another person

• The person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person OR the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress or interpersonal problems

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adulthood

• More men than women

Disorder

Sexual masochism disorder

Symptoms

• Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer

• It causes marked distress or impairment in functioning

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders)

Other

• Onset typically during adulthood

• More men than women

Disorder

Attentional-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Symptoms

Either A or B:

A:

• Six or more manifestations of inattention that are maladaptive and greater than would be expected of someone’s developmental level

B:

• Six or more manifestations of hyperactivity-impulsivity that are maladaptive and greater than would be expected of someone’s developmental level

AND:

• Several of the above present before the age of 12

• Present in two or more settings

• Significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

8%-11%

Comorbidity

High (conduct disorder, anxiety disorder, depressive disorders, substance use disorder, ODD, eating disorders)

Other

• Only 5 signs for people 17 or older

• More men than women

Disorder

Conduct disorder

Symptoms

Repetitive and persistent behaviour pattern that violates the basic rights of others or conventional social norms as shown by AT LEAST three of the following in the following or previous 12 months and AT LEAST one in the previous six months:

• Aggression to people and animals

• Destruction of property

• Deceitfulness or theft

• Serious violation of rules

AND

• Significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning

Time

AT LEAST six months and twelve months

Prevalence

6%-9.5%

Comorbidity

High (substance use disorder and internalizing disorders)

Other

• Specify ODD if criteria for conduct disorder are not met and there is extreme physical aggressiveness and non-compliance

• Specify IED if the aggression is impulsive

• More men than women

Disorder

Separation anxiety disorder

Symptoms

Excessive anxiety that is not developmentally appropriate about being away from people to whom one is attached shown by AT LEAST three symptoms:

• Repeated and excessive distress when separated

• Excessive worry that something will happen to an attachment figure

• Refusal or reluctance to go to school, work or somewhere else

• Refusal or reluctance to sleep away from home

• Nightmares about separation from attachment figure

• Repeated physical complaints when separated from attachment figure

Time

AT LEAST three weeks

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (anxiety disorders)

Disorder

Specific learning disorder

Symptoms

• Difficulties in learning basic academic skills inconsistent with a person’s age, schooling and intelligence

• Significant interference with academic achievement or activities of daily living

Time

AT LEAST six months

Prevalence

5%-15%

Comorbidity

High (substance use disorder and internalizing disorders)

Other

• Specify dyslexia or dyscalculia

Disorder

Intellectual disability

Symptoms

• Intellectual deficits determined by intelligence testing and broader clinical assessment

Significant deficits in adaptive functioning relative to the person’s age and cultural group in one or more of the following areas

• Communication

• Social participation

• Work or school

• Independence at home or in the community

• Requiring the need for support at school, work or independent life

• Onset during child development

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Conduct disorder

Symptoms

A: Deficits in social communication and social interactions as exhibited by the following:

• Deficits in social or emotional reciprocity (e.g., approaching others)

• Deficits in nonverbal behaviours (e.g., eye contact)

• Deficits in development of peer relationships appropriate to developmental level

B: Restricted, repetitive behaviour patterns, interests or activities exhibited by AT LEAST two of the following:

• Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movement or use of objects

• Excessive adherence to routines, rituals in verbal or nonverbal behaviour and extreme resistance to change

• Very restricted interests that are abnormal in focus

• Hyper- or hypoactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory environment

C: Onset in early childhood

D: Symptoms limit and impair functioning

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

1.5%

Comorbidity

High (specific learning disorder, separation anxiety, social anxiety, specific phobias and general anxiety disorder)

Other

• Best outcomes if person has high IQ and learns to speak before age six

Disorder

Mild neurocognitive disorder

Symptoms

Modest cognitive decline from previous levels in one or more domains based on BOTH of the following:

• Concerns from the patient, a close other or a clinician

• Modest neurocognitive decline on formal testing of equivalent clinical evaluation

AND

• The cognitive deficits do not interfere with independence in everyday activities, even though greater effort, compensatory strategies, or accommodation may be required to maintain independence

• The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium and are not due to another psychological disorder

• Significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning

Time

AT LEAST six months and twelve months

Prevalence

0.4% (1-2% in people aged 60-69 and >20% in people aged 85 or older)

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Major neurocognitive disorder

Symptoms

Significant cognitive decline from previous levels in one or more domains based on BOTH of the following

• Concerns of the patient, a close other or a clinician

• Substantial neurocognitive decline on formal testing of equivalent clinical evaluation

AND

• The cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities

• The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium and are not due to another psychological disorder

• Significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

0.4% (1-2% in people aged 60-69 and >20% in people aged 85 or older)

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Frontotemporal dementia

Symptoms

Deterioration in AT LEAST three of the following at a level that leads to functional impairment

• Empathy

• Executive function

• Ability to inhibit behaviour

• Compulsive or perseverative behaviour

• Hyperorality

• Apathy

Time

AT LEAST six months and twelve months

Prevalence

0.4% (1-2% in people aged 60-69 and >20% in people aged 85 or older)

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Delirium

Symptoms

• Disturbances in attention and awareness

• A change in cognition such as disturbance in orientation, language, memory, perception or visuospatial ability, not better accounted for by a dementia

• Symptoms are caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal of toxin

Time

Not specified

Prevalence

Higher in children and older adults; unspecified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Mortality rate is high if untreated

• Often misdiagnosed

Disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of four OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Unjustified suspiciousness of being harmed, deceived or exploited

• Unwarranted doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates

• Reluctance to confide in others because of suspiciousness

• The tendency to read hidden meaning into benign actions of others

• Bears grudges for perceived wrongs

• Angry reactions to perceived attacks on character or reputation

• Unwarranted suspiciousness on the partner’s fidelity

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (schizotypal, borderline and avoidant personality disorder)

Other

• No cognitive disorganization that characterizes schizophrenia

• No full blown delusions

Disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of four OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Lack of desire for or enjoyment of close relationships

• Almost always prefers solitude to companionship

• Little interest in sex

• Few or no pleasurable activities

• Lack of friends

• Indifference to praise or criticism

• Flat affect, emotional detachment or coldness

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of five OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Ideas of reference

• Odd beliefs or magical thinking

• Unusual perceptions

• Suspiciousness or paranoia

• Inappropriate or restricted affect

• Lack of close friends

• Odd or eccentric behaviour or appearance

• Social anxiety and interpersonal fears that do not diminish with familiarity

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Milder form of schizophrenia

Disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

Symptoms

• Age at least 18

• Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15

Pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since the age of 15 shown by AT LEAST three of the following:

• Repeated law breaking

• Deceitfulness, lying

• Impulsivity

• Irritability and aggressiveness

• Reckless disregard for own safety and that of others

• Irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment or financial history

• Lack of remorse

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (substance abuse disorder)

Other

• More men than women

• No full blown delusions

Disorder

Borderline personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of five OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Frantic effort to avoid abandonment

• Unstable sense of self

• Unstable interpersonal relationships in which others are either idealized or devalued

• Self-damaging, impulsive behaviour in AT LEAST two areas (e.g: sex)

• Recurrent suicidal behaviour, gestures or self-injurious behaviour

• Marked mood reactivity

• Chronic feelings of emptiness

• During stress, a tendency to experience transient paranoid thoughts and dissociative symptoms

• Recurrent bouts of intense or poorly controlled anger

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

High (PTSD, stress-, mood-, substance-related and eating disorders)

Disorder

Histrionic personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of five OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Strong need to be the centre of attention

• Inappropriate sexually seductive behaviour

• Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotion

• Use of physical appearance to draw attention to self

• Speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail

• Overly suggestible

• Misreads relationships as more intimate than they are

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of five OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Grandiose view of one’s importance

• Preoccupation with one’s success, brilliance, beauty

• Extreme need for admiration

• Belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people

• Strong sense of entitlement

• Tendency to exploit others

• Lack of empathy

• Envious of others

• Arrogant behaviour or attitudes

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Other

• Most likely fragile self-esteem

Disorder

Avoidant personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of four OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Avoidance of occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fear of criticism or disapproval

• Unwilling to get involved with people unless being certain of being liked

• Restrained in intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed

• Preoccupation with being criticized or rejected

• Inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy

• Views of self as socially inept, unappealing or inferior

• Unusually reluctant to try new activities because they may prove embarrassing

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Dependent personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of five OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Difficulty making decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others

• Need for others to take responsibility for most major areas of life

• Difficulty disagreeing with others for fear of losing their support

• Difficulty doing things on own or starting projects because of lack of self-confidence

• Doing unpleasant things as a way to obtain approval and support of others

• Feelings of helplessness when alone because of fears to be unable to care for self

• Preoccupation with having to take care of self

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Symptoms

Presence of four OR MORE of the following from early adulthood:

• Preoccupation with rules, details and organization to the extent that the point of an activity is lost

• Extreme perfectionism interferes with task completion

• Inflexibility in morals and values

• Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships

• Difficulty discarding worthless items

• Reluctance to delegate unless others conform to one’s standards

• Miserliness

• Rigidity and stubbornness

Time

From early adulthood

Prevalence

Not specified

Comorbidity

Not specified

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Psychological

Social skills training

Teach patients how to manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations. It involves role-playing.

Psychological

Family therapy

Educate about psychotic disorders, inform about antipsychotic medication, blame reduction and avoidance, improve communication and problem-solving skills within the family, social network expansion and instil hope.

Psychological

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)

Encourage patients to test delusions and change cognitions about these delusions.

Psychological

Cognitive remediation therapy / cognitive enhancement therapy

Try to enhance basic cognitive functions, such as verbal learning ability. It is especially effective for functional outcomes.

Psychological

Psychoeducation

Educate patients about their illness.

Psychological

Case management

Bring patients in contact with case managers. Case managers are people who connect people with psychotic disorders with providers of whatever services they require. They hold together and coordinate the range of medical and psychological services people with psychotic disorders need to keep functioning outside the hospital with independence and peace of mind.

Psychological

Residential treatment

Protected living units for people with psychotic disorders.

Psychological

EMDR

Treat the trauma in psychosis.

Biological

Medication

The use of antipsychotic medications.

Disorder

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Alcohol use disorder

Biological

Medications

Disulfiram or Antabuse causes vomiting and nausea if alcohol is used.

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Inpatient hospital treatment

Detoxication in hospital. Works well for people with few sources of social support.

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Couples therapy

Cognitive behavioural therapy with a focus on the couple’s relationship to deal with alcohol-related stressors

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Alcoholics Anonymous

Self-help program that provides emotional support, understanding and close counselling. Takes away responsibility and views addiction as a disease.

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Cognitive and behavioural treatments

Teach people to reinforce behaviour inconsistent with alcohol use (contingency management) and help people avoid relapse (relapse prevention).

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Motivational interventions

Comprehensive assessment of the drinking and a brief motivational treatment that includes individualized feedback about a person’s drinking.

Alcohol use disorder

Psychological

Moderation in drinking

Teach a person to drink with moderation.

Smoking

Biological

Nicotine replacement

Supply nicotine in another way than through cigarettes to gradually reduce use in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Smoking

Psychological

Wake-up call

A physician tells a person to stop smoking

Smoking

Psychological

Scheduled smoking

Reduce nicotine intake gradually by increasing time between cigarettes

Smoking

Psychological

Project EX

Teaching young people about the harmful effects of smoking and teaching them coping skills.

Drug use disorder

Biological

Drug replacement

Using substitutes for drugs that fulfil the body’s craving but take away the effects.

Drug use disorder

Psychological

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Change cognitions and behaviours in order to reduce drug use and improve functioning. Includes learning how to avoid high-risk situations.

Drug use disorder

Psychological

Contingency management

Teach people to reinforce behaviour inconsistent with drug use.

Drug use disorder

Psychological

Motivational enhancement therapy

A combination of CBT techniques and techniques associated with helping clients generate solutions that work for themselves.

Drug use disorder

Psychological

Self-help residential homes

Separate people from social contacts associated with drug use in an environment where drugs are not available and continuing support is offered.

Disorder

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Bulimia nervosa

Biological

Medication

Bulimia is highly comorbid with depression, so antidepressants can reduce purging and binge eating.

Anorexia nervosa

Biological

Medication

Antidepressants. There is little success with using this treatment.

Anorexia nervosa

Psychological

Operant conditioning behaviour therapy

Providing positive reinforcers with weight gain.

Anorexia nervosa

Psychological

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Changing cognitions regarding weight, body image and food.

Anorexia nervosa

Psychological

Family-based therapy (FBT)

Improve interactions among family members.

Bulimia nervosa

Psychological

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Encourage people to question society’s standards for physical attractiveness. Also changes cognitions regarding food, weight and body image.

Bulimia nervosa

Psychological

Exposure and response prevention

Discouraging a person to purge after eating foods that usually elicit an urge to vomit.

Bulimia nervosa

Psychological

Guided self-help CBT

Patients receive self-help material and therapists help them through the material.

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Psychological

Exposure

Gradual and systematic exposure to anxiety-provoking aspects of the sexual situation.

Psychological

Psychoeducation

Education about sex and the body in order to reduce anxiety

Psychological / biological

Sensate-focus exercises

Touch the partner without touching the genitals and be very clear when something becomes uncomfortable. This promotes contact.

Psychological

Cognitive intervention

Challenge the self-demanding, perfectionistic thoughts that often cause sexual dysfunction.

Psychological

Communication training

Encourage partners to communicate their likes and dislikes more clearly. It also has an exposure element.

Psychological / biological

Directed masturbation

The women has to find out through directed masturbation what she likes and what she does not like.

Psychological / biological

Sex position treatment

Couples are taught specific sexual positions that increase the amount of clitoral stimulation.

Biological

Medication

Antidepressant drugs are helpful when depression contributes to diminished sex drive. Buproprion counteracts the libido problems caused by SSRIs. PDE-5 inhibitors (Viagra) can help with erectile dysfunctions.

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Psychological

Enhance motivation

Enhance motivation to change illegal behaviour and motivation to continue treatment.

Psychological

Cognitive behavioural treatment

Change beliefs about inappropriate sexual desires. It also includes training in empathy.

Biological

Hormonal treatment

Medication that reduces androgens. SSRIs are also use because they reduce arousal to deviant objects.

Disorder

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

ADHD

Biological

Stimulant medications

Medication (e.g: Ritalin) reduce disruptive behaviour and impulsivity and improve the ability to focus. The drugs interact with the dopamine system in the brain.

ADHD

Psychological

Parent training

Train parents to deal with a child with ADHD.

ADHD

Psychological

Classroom management

Reinforce positive behaviour (e.g: point system).

ADHD

Psychological

Behavioural therapy

Use of cognitive behavioural therapy in order to improve behaviour.

Conduct disorder

Psychological

Family check-up

Three meetings, introduction, assessing and feedback to parenting practices

Conduct disorder

Psychological

Parent management training (PMT)

Teach parents to modify responses to children so prosocial responses are reinforced.

Conduct disorder

Psychological

Multisystemic treatment (MST)

Deliver intensive and comprehensive therapy services in the community, targeting the adolescent, the family, the school and the peer group.

Conduct disorder

Psychological

Prevention program

Intervene early before conduct disorder develops by focussing on academic, social and behaviour areas.

Separation anxiety disorder

Psychological

Coping cat

Confrontation of fears, development of new ways to think about fear, exposure to feared situation and relapse prevention.

Separation anxiety disorder

Psychological

Bibliotherapy

Giving parents written materials and make them act as therapists with their own children

Separation anxiety disorder

Biological

Medication

The use of medication (Zoloft).

Intellectual disability

Psychological

Residential treatment

People with intellectual disability live in residences integrated into the community where medical care is provided.

Intellectual disability

Psychological

Behavioural treatments

Behavioural objectives are defined and worked towards in order to improve functioning.

Intellectual disability

Psychological

Applied behaviour analysis

Similar to the treatment above, but also used to reduce inappropriate and self-injurious behaviour by breaking behaviour down in small steps and using operant conditioning.

Intellectual disability

Psychological

Self-instructional training

Teach children to guide their problem-solving efforts through speech

Intellectual disability

Psychological

Computer-assisted instruction

Teach children with intellectual disabilities skills and routines through the computer.

ASD

Psychological

Behavioural treatment

Intensive operant-conditioning treatment over a long time improves the conditions of people with ASD.

ASD

Psychological

Joint attention intervention

Improve joint attention of people with ASD

ASD

Psychological

Symbolic play intervention

Improve communication of people with ASD

ASD

Biological

Medication

Medication (Haldol,  an antipsychotic medication) to reduce social withdrawal, stereotyped motor behaviour and maladaptive behaviours. There are severe side-effects of this medication

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

Biological

Medication

Medications to slow memory decline (e.g: cholinesterase inhibitors). Medication can also be used to treat co-occurring disorders with dementia.

Psychological

Psychotherapy

Help patients and family deal with the effects of the disease.

Psychological

Exercise increase

Intervention that increases exercise.

Psychological

Cognitive training programs

Training programs that focus on improving memory, reasoning or cognitive processing speed.

Disorder

Type of treatment

Treatment

How it works

All

Psychological

Psychotherapy

Reconsider childhood experiences and become more aware of how those experiences drive current behaviour.

All

Psychological

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Change dysfunctional cognitions and change a disorder in a more adaptive way of living

All

Psychological

Schema therapy

Change people’s schemas from maladaptive to adaptive

All

Psychological

Mentalisation-based treatment

Foster mentalisation, includes modelling.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Biological

Medication

Antipsychotic drugs, as the disorder is very similar to schizophrenia.

Avoidant personality disorder

Biological

Medication

Antidepressant medications.

Avoidant personality disorder

Psychological

Exposure

Exposure to the feared stimulus.

Borderline personality disorder

Both

Hospitalization

Hospitalize the patient, as suicide is a big risk.

Borderline personality disorder

Psychological

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)

Help the patient adopt a dialectical view of the world (people can be bad and good).