Cognitive Neuroscience - Lectures (Utrecht University)
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Executive functions modulate the activity of other cognitive functions in a flexible and goal-directed manner. They perform a supervisory or regulatory role.
Taxonomy of executive functions:
Intelligence:
Fluid intelligence correlates highly with measures of executive functions
Executive functions in the brain are mostly regulated in the prefrontal cortex.
The anterior cingulate cortex and the parietal cortex are also important.
The caudate nucleus and putamen (basal ganglia) are also important for executive functions.
Frontal-cortex-basal ganglia loops:
Damage to the PFC: cognitive function appears to be normal and unimpaired.
But there is impairment in forming, updating and implementing rules for appropriate or effective behavior. This can lead to profound difficulties carrying out simple activities. Damage can lead to:
Miller & Cohen model: cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them.
Switching between rules
Relating rules: reasoning.
vlPFC: deduction. dlPFC: induction.
You can test relating rules (higher-order integration) with the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test.
Frontal pole: integration of abstract information from multiple sources to form a more general rule. Also involved in mental simulation and implementing higher-order goals.
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