This is a summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund. This book is an introduction to psychology and is used in the course 'Introduction to psychology' in the first year of the study Psychology at the UvA.
The first four chapters of this summary are for free, but to support worldsupporter and Joho, you have to become a Joho-member to read the other chapters. This is five euro a year, and you then can read all Joho-member content
Methods of psychology - a summary of chapter 2 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 2
Methods of psychology
In psychology, the data are usually measures or descriptions of some form of behaviour produces by humans or
........Read moreGenetics and evolutionary foundations of behaviour - a summary of chapter 3 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
The neural control of behavior - a summary of chapter 5 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 5
The neural control of behavior
Behavior is a product of the body’s machinery, especially the nervous system.
Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - a summary of chapter 6 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
The psychology of vision - a summary of chapter 8 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 8 (in part)
The psychology of vision
Seeing forms, patterns and objects
The
........Read moreMemory and attention - a summary of chapter 9 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Reasoning and intelligence - a summary of chapter 10 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
The development of body, thought and language - a summary of chapter 11 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Social development - a summary of chapter 12 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Social influences on behavior - a summary of chapter 14 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 14
Social influences on behavior
Human behavior is influenced powerful by the social environment in which it occurs.
We behave as we do not just because of who we are, but also because of the social situations in which we find ourselves.
Social pressure: the entire set of psychological forces that are exerted on
........Read morePersonality - a summary of chapter 15 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 15
Personality
Personality refers to a person’s general style of interacting with the world, especially with other people.
The development during childhood of chronic patterns of behavior that differ from one individual to another.
Mental Disorders - a summary of chapter 16 of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition)
Psychology
Chapter 16
Mental Disorders
Mental disorders
Before clinicians can diagnose
........Read moreIntroduction to psychology
In this magazine, you can find everything you need for the course 'introduction to psychology', in the first year of the study psychology at the Uva.
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The Gray Bundle: summaries and study notes for Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund
Studiegids voor samenvattingen bij Psychology van Gray en Bjorklund
Studiegids met samenvattingen en studiehulp voor:
- Boektitel: Psychology
- Auteurs: Gray en Bjorklund
- Druk: 8e druk en 7e druk
Waar gaat 'Psychology' van Gray en Bjorklund over?
- Dit boek biedt een uitgebreide inleiding in de psychologie. Het behandelt een breed scala aan onderwerpen, van de basisprincipes van gedrag en mentale processen tot meer complexe onderwerpen zoals persoonlijkheid, ontwikkeling en sociale psychologie.
- Je krijgt inzicht in hoe mensen denken, voelen en zich gedragen. Je leert over verschillende theorieën en onderzoeksmethoden binnen de psychologie. Daarnaast krijg je kennis over verschillende gebieden binnen de psychologie, zoals cognitieve psychologie, sociale psychologie en ontwikkelingspsychologie.
- Het boek is bedoeld om je een solide basis te geven in de wereld van de psychologie.
Wanneer kan je 'Psychology' goed gebruiken?
- Dit boek is vooral handig voor studenten die voor het eerst met psychologie in aanraking komen. Het is ook een goede referentie voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in het menselijk gedrag en mentale processen.
- De kennis uit dit boek is toepasbaar in uiteenlopende beroepen. Als je bijvoorbeeld in de zorg werkt, kan het je helpen om patiënten beter te begrijpen. Als je in het onderwijs werkt, kan het je helpen om effectiever les te geven. Ook in het bedrijfsleven kan psychologie van pas komen, bijvoorbeeld bij het begrijpen van consumentengedrag of het verbeteren van teamwork.
Door wie is 'Psychology' geschreven?
- Het boek is geschreven door Peter Gray en David Bjorklund, beide gerenommeerde psychologen. Gray is bekend om zijn kritische kijk op de psychologie en zijn pleidooi voor een meer evolutionaire benadering. Bjorklund is gespecialiseerd in ontwikkelingspsychologie en heeft veel onderzoek gedaan naar de cognitieve ontwikkeling van kinderen.
Samenvattingen en studiehulp bij 'Psychology'
- Uitgelichte samenvattingen en studiehulp te gebruiken bij het standaardwerk 'Psychology': zie hieronder
Summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorkland - 8th edition
This bundle describes a summary of the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
BulletPointsummary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund – 8th edition
- What is the background of the study of psychology? - BulletPoints 1
- What different methods are there in the field of psychology? - BulletPoints 2
- How do genetics and evolution form the foundation for behavior? - BulletPoints 3
- How do neurons control behavior? - BulletPoints 4
- What are the mechanisms of motivation and emotion? - BulletPoints 5
- How are smell, taste, pain and hearing studied? - BulletPoints 6
- How does the psychology of vision work? - BulletPoints 7
- What basic processes underly learning? - BulletPoints 8
- How do memory, attention, and consciousness work? - BulletPoints 9
- How do we solve problems, when taking reasoning and intelligence into account? - BulletPoints 10
- How did thought and language develop? - BulletPoints 11
- What is the course of psychosocial development? - BulletPoints 12
- What is social psychology? - BulletPoints 13
- What is personality psychology? - BulletPoints 14
- What psychological dysfunctionalities do exist? - BulletPoints 15
- What kind of treatment do exist for psychological disorders? - BulletPoints 16
What is the background of the study of psychology? - BulletPoints 1
- The three fundamental ideas of psychology come down to: Behavior and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically; the way people behave, feel and think is shaped over time by their experiences in their environment; the body produces behavior and mental experiences, and is a product of evolution through natural selection.
- According to Descartes, the difference between humans and animals was the mind. He defined thoughts as conscious considerations and judgments. He suggested that the soul influences the body in a specific place: a small organ (pineal body) located between the two hemispheres of the brain. Descartes argued that thread-like structures bring sensory information through physical pathways to the brain (we now know as nerves or neurons). The soul receives the information and processes this information. On the basis of thoughts, the soul will then let movements take place and carry out its will by triggering physical actions in nerves that in turn act on the muscles. This opened the door to psychology as a science.
- Materialism was developed by Thomas Hobbes and included that the soul is a meaningless concept that consists of nothing but matter and energy. Hobbes argued that conscious thoughts are a product of the brain and therefore subject to natural laws. This philosophy does not impose any limitations on what people want to study in psychology.
- Darwin’s idea is that living things evolve gradually over generations through the process of natural selection. The individuals that are best adapted to their environments, are more likely to survive and reproduce than those less well-adapted to their environments. Random changes in genetics happen within each generation. These variations are passed on from generation to generation, especially when they increase chances of survival and reproduction. Because of
Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition) - a summary
This is a summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund. This book is an introduction to psychology and is used in the course 'Introduction to psychology' in the first year of the study Psychology at the UvA.
The first four chapters of this summary are for free, but to support worldsupporter and Joho, you have to become a Joho-member to read the other chapters. This is five euro a year, and you then can read all Joho-member content
Psychology - Gray: BulletPoints
What is the background of the study of psychology? - BulletPoints 1
- The three fundamental ideas of psychology come down to: Behavior and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically; the way people behave, feel and think is shaped over time by their experiences in their environment; the body produces behavior and mental experiences, and is a product of evolution through natural selection.
- According to Descartes, the difference between humans and animals was the mind. He defined thoughts as conscious considerations and judgments. He suggested that the soul influences the body in a specific place: a small organ (pineal body) located between the two hemispheres of the brain. Descartes argued that thread-like structures bring sensory information through physical pathways to the brain (we now know as nerves or neurons). The soul receives the information and processes this information. On the basis of thoughts, the soul will then let movements take place and carry out its will by triggering physical actions in nerves that in turn act on the muscles. This opened the door to psychology as a science.
- Materialism was developed by Thomas Hobbes and included that the soul is a meaningless concept that consists of nothing but matter and energy. Hobbes argued that conscious thoughts are a product of the brain and therefore subject to natural laws. This philosophy does not impose any limitations on what people want to study in psychology.
- Darwin’s idea is that living things evolve gradually over generations through the process of natural selection. The individuals that are best adapted to their environments, are more likely to survive and reproduce than those less well-adapted to their environments. Random changes in genetics happen within each generation. These variations are passed on from generation to generation, especially when they increase chances of survival and reproduction. Because of this evolution, innate characteristics of species can be studied for the function they served in survival or reproduction. Empiricists philosophers study the relationships between these innate characteristics and the environment.
What different methods are there in the field of psychology? - BulletPoints 2
- An experiment is the most direct and conclusive approach to testing a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship between two variables. A variable is anything that can change or take on multiple values. The independent variable is the variable that is supposed to affect another variable. The dependent variable is the variable that is believed to be affected by the independent variable. In a within-subject experiment, each participant (subject) is tested in every condition of the independent variable. The participant is tested repeatedly. In between-groups experiments, there is a separate group of participants for each condition of the independent variable. One group usually is exposed to the manipulation, and the other group is not. This can be done with a minimum of two groups, but can also be done with more groups.
Samenvatting van Psychology van Gray - 8ste editie - Exclusive
In deze samenvatting vind je de belangrijkste grondslagen van de psychology. Hierin vind je alles vanaf de filosofische geschiedenis, tot de biologie die komt kijken bij psychologie. Psychologie als wetenschap is nog vrij jong, maar de basis van de psychologie gaat terug tot in de tijd van de Grieken. Een grote misvatting in de Psychologie isf dat Pychologie gaat over de studie van abnormaal gedrag. Het tegenovergestelde is waar, psychologie gaat over de studie van normaal gedrag. Hoe dragen opvoeding, omgeving, genen en biologische factoren bij aan ons denken en gedrag?
Deze samenvatting omvat de hoofdstukken 1 t/m 16 van de 8ste Editie van het boek
.......read moreSummary articles clinical psychology (Gray, Henningson & Lieberman)
In and out of schizophrenia: activation and deactivation of the negative and positive schemas – Article 1
Schizophrenia has positive and negative symptoms that are both analysed using a traditional cognitive model. The model exists of the cognitive triad: schemas about self, world and the future. When interventions are made, they should target the meaning behind both positive and negative symptoms. However, in the current system, the content for both symptoms is similar. The view of the self is weak, vulnerable, ineffective and worthless. The view of others as controlling, dangerous and rejecting.
What are cognitive schemas?
Cognitive schemas are responsible for cognitive organization. The content originates from the cognitive triad. If schemas interfere with accommodation in life situations, they are called dysfunctional. If schemas are extreme of fantastic, they are called delusional.
How do cognitive schemas affect symptoms of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia can develop due to a genetic predisposition in combination with the development of negative thoughts and stressful life-events. These negative thoughts become embedded into cognitive schemas and a person can develop negative symptoms, such as withdrawal, violence and isolation. On the other hand, positive symptoms can come from dysfunctional symptoms and get transformed into delusions. These symptoms start with an overstimulation of the HPA axis which leads to an excessive output of cortisol. That leads to an overflow of dopamine and the development of hallucinations.
Motivation is one of the main factors in developing negative symptoms. There are two ways that motivation affects the symptoms, in belief and expression.
- Factor 1 of negative symptoms: amotivation factor. This symptom comes from a dysfunctional belief about the self. The self-image is focused on weakness, worthless and helplessness. To avoid pain and frustration, symptoms like avoidance and distancing arise. It is possible to get above these thoughts, for example when a positive expectation overrides the negative attitude.
- Factor 2 of negative symptoms: expressive factor. These symptoms evolve because of inhibition of behavioural responses. It includes inhibition of speech or general motor activity.
What is the empirical basis for the cognitive model of negative symptoms?
Evaluation of the self has an influence on negative symptoms. Positive evaluations lead to less negative symptoms. On the other hand, dysfunctional beliefs correlate to the severity of negative symptoms. It was found that a lower self-efficacy leads to more severe negative symptoms. The three components of the cognitive triad (self, others and future) express themselves in specific situations in the context of task orientation, pleasure, interpersonal relations and energy.
Negative symptoms are related to beliefs about the future, negative thoughts about task performance or future success corelate with severe negative symptoms. Individuals that have the deficit syndrome (more severe negative symptoms) have more defeatist beliefs then those that do not experience severe negative symptoms. Furthermore, a decrease in the expectation of pleasure can contribute to more negative symptoms. Asocial beliefs also play a role and correlate with asociality in schizophrenia.
How are positive symptoms developed?
Development of positive systems is labelled the transformational or
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