Social and Organizational Psychology
IBP 2017-2018
Social perception
Social perception: the process through which we seek to know other people
Nonverbal communication: an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, and touching
- Body language reflects emotions through the positions, postures, and movements of the body
- People can express emotions through vocal effects, such as tone, volume, pitch, and rhythm
- The facial feedback hypothesis: our nonverbal cues may influence our internal feelings.
- Nonverbal cues for deception:
- Microexpressions: facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second
- Interchannel discrepancies: nonverbal cues and body language that are inconsistent with each other
- Exaggerated facial expressions
- Signs of deception in linguistic styles:
- pitch of the voice often rises
- taking longer to respond to a question or being slower in describing events
- start sentences, stop them, and begin again
- Detecting deception accurately is very difficult, but e.g. secret agents are slightly better at it
Attribution: efforts to understand why people have acted as they have
Jones and Davis’s theory of correspondent inference: we attempt to infer others’ traits from observing certain aspects of their behavior
- especially behavior that is:
- freely chosen
- produces noncommon effects
- is low in social desirability
Kelley’s covariation theory: we are interested in whether others’ behavior stems from internal or external causes
- We focus on information relating to:
- consensus: the extent to which other people react to a given stimulus or event in the same manner as the person we are evaluating
- consistency: the extent to which the person in question reacts to the stimulus or event in the same way on other occasions, over time
- distinctiveness: the extent to which the person reacts in the same manner to other, different stimuli or events
Other dimensions of causal attribution:
- Specific causes of behavior being stable or unstable over time
- Behavioral causes are controllable or not controllable
Action identification: The interpretation we place on an act in terms of differing degrees of abstraction
- Example: Seeing someone put coins in a jar
- Concrete interpretation: she wants to avoid losing the coins
- Abstract interpretation: she wants to save money for her education
Correspondence bias: the tendency to explain others’ actions as stemming from their dispositions (internal), even in the presence of clear situational causes (external)
Actor–observer effect: the tendency to attribute our own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal causes
Self-serving bias: the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes, but negative ones to external causes.
- Especially strong for negative events, which we often attribute to external agents rather than aspects of ourselves
- A related aspect of the self-serving bias is hubris. People who exhibit hubris often perceive themselves as being solely responsible for positive outcomes
Impression formation: the process through which we form our views of others
- Central traits such as warm and cold can influence the interpretation of other traits
- First impressions are formed very quickly, but are changed upon learning new information
- Impression management/self-presentation:
- Self-enhancement: efforts to boost one’s appeal
- Other-enhancement: efforts to induce positive moods or reactions in others
- These techniques work but if they are overdone, they can be recognized for what they are, and generate negative rather than positive reactions from others
References:
Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
--Chapter 3
Join with a free account for more service, or become a member for full access to exclusives and extra support of WorldSupporter >>
Social and Organizational psychology bundle
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Introduction & Social cognition- ch 1 and 2
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Social perception- ch 3
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - The self- ch 4
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Attitudes- ch 5
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination -ch 6
- IBP Social Psychology Summary -Liking, loving, and other close relationships -ch 7
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Social influence - ch 8
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Prosocial behavior- ch 9
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Aggression - ch 10
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Groups and Individuals- ch 11
- IBP Social Psychology Summary - Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life -ch 12
Contributions: posts
Spotlight: topics
Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
How and why use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?
- For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
- For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
- For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
- For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
- For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
Using and finding summaries, notes and practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the summaries home pages for your study or field of study
- Use the check and search pages for summaries and study aids by field of study, subject or faculty
- Use and follow your (study) organization
- by using your own student organization as a starting point, and continuing to follow it, easily discover which study materials are relevant to you
- this option is only available through partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- Use the menu above each page to go to the main theme pages for summaries
- Theme pages can be found for international studies as well as Dutch studies
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Main summaries home pages:
- Business organization and economics - Communication and marketing -International relations and international organizations - IT, logistics and technology - Law and administration - Leisure, sports and tourism - Medicine and healthcare - Pedagogy and educational science - Psychology and behavioral sciences - Society, culture and arts - Statistics and research
- Summaries: the best textbooks summarized per field of study
- Summaries: the best scientific articles summarized per field of study
- Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms per field of study
- Exams: home page for exams, exam tips and study tips
Main study fields:
Business organization and economics, Communication & Marketing, Education & Pedagogic Sciences, International Relations and Politics, IT and Technology, Law & Administration, Medicine & Health Care, Nature & Environmental Sciences, Psychology and behavioral sciences, Science and academic Research, Society & Culture, Tourisme & Sports
Main study fields NL:
- Studies: Bedrijfskunde en economie, communicatie en marketing, geneeskunde en gezondheidszorg, internationale studies en betrekkingen, IT, Logistiek en technologie, maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies, pedagogiek en onderwijskunde, rechten en bestuurskunde, statistiek, onderzoeksmethoden en SPSS
- Studie instellingen: Maatschappij: ISW in Utrecht - Pedagogiek: Groningen, Leiden , Utrecht - Psychologie: Amsterdam, Leiden, Nijmegen, Twente, Utrecht - Recht: Arresten en jurisprudentie, Groningen, Leiden
JoHo can really use your help! Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world
2544 |
Add new contribution