Psychological Assessment – Article summary [UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM]
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A treatment plan should be based on the best science available. This means that the therapist must be well-informed regarding recent scientific findings. The clinical hermeneutics error refers to the therapist losing track of the actual degree of pathology due to adopting the patient’s perspective. This means that high-level depth of processing or interpreting and explaining the behaviour leads to a loss of normative judgement.
The Neo-Kraepelinian diagnostic rubrics consist of ascertainment of facts to determine the presence or absence of relatively explicit diagnostic criteria (1), the making of differential and multi-axis diagnoses using the DSM (2) and the differential selection of treatment guided by differential diagnosis (3).
Diagnosis in the current practice misses the point that symptoms of presenting complaints and targets of treatment plan may be manifestations of personality traits. The features the diagnostician focuses on may be consequences of extreme levels of personality traits (1), problematic configurations of trait levels (2) or extreme adaptations to personality traits (3). A high degree of comorbidity may be the result of manifestations of the same few maladaptive personality traits (e.g. negative emotionality) which are interpreted as symptoms.
Personality traits influence how individuals interpret and construe life events. Science does not fully support the claim that major mental disorders are separate from personality. Constructive realism makes several statements:
Trait levels refer to an individual’s specific dispositions. There are major replicable trait dimensions and they are organized hierarchically. There are three trait dimensions:
Environmental effects consist of shared environmental factors and unshared environmental factors. Treatment planners should know about four things:
Passive gene-environment correlations are substantial early in life and decline shortly thereafter. Reactive gene-environment correlation effects increase from childhood to adulthood.
The principle of equipotentiality states that there are many potential life adaptations for any level of an individual difference. Markedly different life adaptations can reflect the same or similar underlying personality dispositions.
Basic tendencies refer to underlying dispositions. Characteristic adaptations refer to concrete habits, attitudes, roles, relationships and goals that result from the interaction of basic tendencies with the shaping forces of the social environment. For any level of basic tendency, there are many potential characteristic adaptations.
Adaptation includes coping with external circumstances and adaptation to one’s basic tendencies. People can have similar personality characteristics but express them in different ways (e.g. criminals and firefighters have similar scores in sensation seeking). The characteristic adaptation differs.
Dispositional measures may only show moderate correlations with diagnostic categories because diagnostic categories are complex descriptions that mix basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations.
Using personality trait assessment in clinical assessment has four benefits:
Simple problems involve situationally specific and transitory habits that are primarily products of current environmental contingencies (e.g. phobia of dogs). Complex problems involve cross-situationally pervasive signs and symptoms reflecting long-term patterns of adjustment. Complex problems can be seen as consequences of enduring personality traits. It is possible that basic tendencies are not influenced by shared family environment but characteristic adaptations are.
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