Clinical Perspective on Today’s Issues – Interim exam 2 (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM)
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The clinical presentation of PTSD varies. It is not entirely clear what is seen as a traumatic event and what is not. A life-threatening illness or medical condition is not seen as trauma but medical incidents can qualify as traumatic events (e.g. waking up during surgery), same as a medical catastrophe in one’s child.
Intrusive recollection is not the same as depressive rumination. Intrusive recollection applies to involuntary and intrusive distressing memories. It can be short (e.g. flashback) but can lead to prolonged stress and heightened arousal.
In PTSD, there often is a heightened sensitivity to threats. Developmental regression (e.g. loss of language) may occur in children. PTSD can lead to difficulties in regulating emotions or maintaining stable interpersonal relationships.
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 8.7% in the United States and the twelve-month prevalence is 3.5%. These estimates are lower in many other countries (e.g. European countries). Different groups have different levels of exposure to traumatic events. The conditional probability of developing PTSD following a similar level of exposure may differ between groups.
Cultural syndromes (e.g. ataques de nervosia) may influence the expression of PTSD. The risk of onset of PTSD and severity may differ across cultural groups as a result of:
PTSD appears to be more severe if the traumatic event is interpersonal and intentional (e.g. torture). The highest PTSD rates are found among rape survivors (1), military combat and captivity survivors (2) and ethnically and politically-motivated internment and genocide survivors (3). Young children and older adults are less likely to show full-threshold PTSD.
The symptoms and relative predominance of symptoms may vary over time. Symptom recurrence and intensification may occur in response to reminders of the original trauma (1), ongoing life stressors (2) and newly experienced traumatic events (3). PTSD symptoms may exacerbate as result of declining health (1), worsening cognitive functioning (2) and social isolation (3).
Individuals who continue to experience PTSD into older adulthood may express fewer symptoms of hyperarousal (1), avoidance (2) and negative cognitions and moods (3) compared with younger adults. However, adults exposed to traumatic events during later life may display more avoidance (1), hyperarousal (2), sleep problems (3) and crying spells (4) than younger adults exposed to the same traumatic event.
There are several pre-trauma risk factors for the development of PTSD:
There are several peritraumatic risk factors for the development of PTSD:
There are several post-traumatic risk factors for the development of PTSD:
There is a high comorbidity with other disorders for people with PTSD. Substance use and conduct disorder are common among males. The patterns of comorbidity are different in children and adults. PTSD is different from a lot of other disorders;
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This bundle contains all the information needed for the second interim exam for the course "Clinical Perspective on Today's Issues" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains lecture information, information from the relevant books and all the articles. The following
...This bundle contains all the information needed for the for the course "Clinical Perspective on Today's Issues" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains lecture information, information from the relevant books and all the articles. The following is included:
...This bundle contains all the articles included in the course "Clinical Perspective on Today's Issues" given at the University of Amsterdam. The following is included:
This bundle contains all the articles included in the course "Clinical Perspective on Today's Issues" given at the University of Amsterdam. The following is included:
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