What is the psychological way of thinking? - ExamTests 1

Questions

Question 1

Which of the options below describes the steps of the theory-data cycle in the correct order?

1. Theory - observation - prediction - testing - evaluation.
2. Prediction - testing - observation - evaluation - theory.
3. Observation - prediction - theory - evaluation - testing.
4. Observation - theory - prediction - testing - evaluation.

Question 2

Which of the options below is an example of applied research?

1. A social psychologist interested in the components of self-image.
2. An educational psychologist seeking a way to increase math proficiency in eight-year-olds.
3. A personality psychologist who examines the differences between introverted and extroverted people.
4. A cognitive psychologist looking at the differences in problem-solving abilities between men and women.

Question 3

Many conspiracy theories have in common that they deal with observations that go against the theory, by extending the theory in such a way that those observations also fall within it. For example, when people who believe the Earth is flat were confronted with photos of the (round) Earth taken from space, they quickly invented an extension to their theory that such space photos were manipulated by the government. Such extensions can continue to be added in order to incorporate observations that seem to go against the theory. What will these conspiracy theories become as explanations and information continue to be added?

1. Falsifiable and parsimonious.
2. Falsifiable and Unparsimonious.
3. Unfalsifiable and parsimonious.
4. Unfalsifiable and Unparsimonious.

Question 4

In which case would a researcher be allowed to conclude that a theory has been proven?

1. When the hypothesis is completely in line with the theory.
2. If the data of the study are completely in line with the theory.
3. When multiple studies in different contexts are completely in line with the theory.
4. It is not possible to prove a theory.

Question 5

What is the main reason why we find articles in a scientific journal a better source of information than articles in popular science journals?

1. Articles in popular science journals often describe studies that have not followed the empirical cycle.
2. Articles in popular science journals are often published because they are relevant to current social discussions and not necessarily for theory development.
3. Articles in scientific journals must first withstand criticism from colleagues in the field before they are published.
4. Articles in scientific journals are written by scientists rather than journalists.

Question 6

Which of these jobs are more likely to require the skills of a research producer than a research consumer?

1. Police officer.
2. University professor.
3. Physicist.
4. Journalist.

Question 7

A true empiricist...?

1. Bases conclusions on direct observations.
2. Strives to prove all theories through research.
3. Enables his or her research to be used in the real world.
4. Discusses his or her ideas publicly, such as on social media.

Question 8

A statement or several statements that describe how variables are related to each other is also called a...?

1. Prediction.
2. Hypothesis.
3. Empirical observation.
4. Theory.

Question 9

Why is publication an important part of doing research?

1. Because publication allows people to use the research in everyday life.
2. Because when a study is published, other scientists can verify or challenge it, so science corrects itself, as it were.
3. Because in this way journalists can make the knowledge known to a more general public.
4. Because publication is the first step in the theory-data cycle.

Answers

Question 1

D. Observation - theory - prediction - testing - evaluation.

Question 2

B. An educational psychologist seeking a way to increase math proficiency in eight-year-olds.

Question 3

D. Unfalsifiable and Unparsimonious.

Question 4

D. It is not possible to prove a theory.

Question 5

C. Articles in scientific journals must first withstand criticism from colleagues in the field before they are published.

Question 6

C. Physicist.

Question 7

A. Bases conclusions on direct observations.

Question 8

D. Theory.

Question 9

B. Because when a study is published, other scientists can verify or challenge it, so science corrects itself, as it were.

What different sources of information are there and why is scientific research the best source? - ExamTests 2

Questions

Question 1

James is asked what the best way is to study for an exam. He replies that the best way to study is to make flash cards. He can still remember all the times he used flash cards and got a good exam grade. He forgets to take into account all the times that he did get a good exam grade, but did not use flash cards. And vice versa, the times he used the flash cards, but the exam didn't go well. What do we call this faulty reasoning?

1. Cherry picking evidence.
2. Availability heuristic.
3. Present/present bias.
4. Hindsight bias.

Question 2

Angela reads a study in a scientific journal that finds a link between cell phone use and migraines. She doesn't think the study is valid because she uses her phone a lot and never suffers from migraines. What is Angela forgetting here?

1. Science is based on empiricism.
2. The study was likely replicated.
3. The study does not provide a clear definition of cell phone use.
4. Science is probabilistic.

Question 3

If Ben is convinced that despite other people having fallacies in their thinking, he would never suffer from these, what do we call this?

1. Bias blind spot.
2. Confirmation bias.
3. Self-serving bias.
4. Motivated thinking.

Question 4

Anna wants to summarize all available evidence on a particular topic. She searches for all relevant scientific publications, extracts the effect size from each article, and uses this to calculate the total effect. What is the correct term for Anna's study?

1. A meta-analysis.
2. A systematic review.
3. An edited chapter.
4. A conceptual summary.

Question 5

Sara concludes that her 'white noise machine' has ensured that she has slept well. This conclusion is based on personal experience, which may have confounds. What does a confound mean in this context?

1. Another thing may have happened that caused Sara to fall asleep.
2. The experience has confused Sara.
3. Sara doesn't compare this night with the white noise machine with the nights she didn't use it.
4. Sara should not rely on the white noise machine.

Question 6

What does it mean that research results are probabilistic?

1. That research results predict all possible outcomes.
2. That research results explain some of the possible cases but not all.
3. That research results must predict everything, or the theory is wrong.
4. That research results can be invaluable.

Question 7

Mark is convinced that suicide is the most common cause of death among teenagers. This is because two people have recently died of suicide at his school. However, suicide is not the most common cause of death in teens. What happened here?

1. Mark has a bias blind spot.
2. Mark is influenced by the availability heuristic; he was influenced by the cases that came to his mind most easily.
3. Mark thought about too many other causes of teenage death.
4. Mark didn't include the confounds.

Question 8

When should you base your conclusions on expert advice?

1. When an expert bases advice on research that systematically and objectively compares different conditions.
2. When an expert has a PhD.
3. When an expert has written a book or has a website on the subject.
4. When an expert says he has a lot of experience with the subject or field.

Question 9

What is the most reliable source to read the details of a psychological examination?

1. Scientific journal.
2. A science page from a newspaper.
3. An edited book
4. A popular magazine.

Question 10

What two questions do you ask yourself when reading scientific articles?

1. What is the argument? What is the evidence to support this argument?
2. Why was this research done? Are there any significant findings?
3. Is the writer in good standing? Has evidence been found to support the hypotheses?
4. How is this research related to other research? How can we research this topic in the future?

Answers

Question 1

C. Present/present bias.

Question 2

D. Science is probabilistic.

Question 3

A. Bias blind spot.

Question 4

A. A meta-analysis.

Question 5

A. Another thing may have happened that caused Sara to fall asleep.

Question 6

B. That research results explain some of the possible cases but not all.

Question 7

B. Mark is influenced by the availability heuristic; he was influenced by the cases that came to his mind most easily.

Question 8

A. When an expert bases advice on research that systematically and objectively compares different conditions.

Question 9

A. Scientific journal.

Question 10

A. What is the argument? What is the evidence to support this argument?

Which types of claims and validity can consumers of research interrogate? - ExamTests 3

Questions

Question 1

If a scatterplot shows a point cloud that runs from the bottom left to the top right, what do you call it?

1. A negative correlation.
2. A non-existent correlation.
3. A positive correlation.
4. A curvilinear relationship.

Question 2

If researchers want to investigate a phenomenon that is happening around the world, why is it important to actually have people from all over the world in the sample for the study?

1. To increase external validity.
2. To increase ecological validity.
3. To increase internal validity.
4. To increase cultural validity.

Question 3

Which of the variables below are manipulated rather than measured? (More than one correct answer is possible).

1. How many shoes a person has, in pairs.
2. How tall someone is, in centimeters.
3. How much paracetamol a researcher gives a person, in 325 or 500 mg.
4. How happy someone is, rated on a scale of 1 to 10. E. What reward a researcher uses on dogs, verbal or feeding.

Question 4

Which of the following claims is an association claim?

1. Chewing gum can improve your mood and focus.
2. Having money makes children less helpful.
3. Workaholism is linked to psychiatric disorders.
4. Eating kiwi helps with sleep.

Question 5

Which of the following claims is a frequency claim?

1. Overweight children are less sensitive to tastes.
2. Eighty percent of women are dissatisfied with their bodies.
3. You may feel fat because of Facebook.
4. Going to daycare and behavior problems do not seem to be linked.

Question 6

Which of the following claism is a causal claim?

1. Deep breathing helps to lower blood pressure and reduce anxiety and depression.
2. Young people do not understand emotions well.
3. Children born in the fall are more likely to live longer.
4. Many mothers display features of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 7

If you're wondering how well a researcher measured 'sensitivity to tastes', what validity are you asking a question about?

1. Construct validity.
2. Statistical Validity.
3. External validity.
4. Internal validity.

Question 8

What validity do you question when you look at how researchers obtained their sample for a study?

1. Construct validity.
2. Statistical Validity.
3. External validity.
4. Internal validity.

Question 9

We usually weigh interests when looking at which validity we consider important for a study and we cannot guarantee all four. Which trade-off is most often made, the one between...?

1. Internal and external validity.
2. Construct and Statistical Validity.
3. Statistical and internal validity.
4. External and statistical validity.

Answers

Question 1

C. A positive correlation.

Question 2

A. To increase external validity.

Question 3

C. How much paracetamol a researcher gives a person, in 325 or 500 mg. E. What reward a researcher uses on dogs, verbal or feeding.

Question 4

C. Workaholism is linked to psychiatric disorders.

Question 5

B. Eighty percent of women are dissatisfied with their bodies.

Question 6

A. Deep breathing helps to lower blood pressure and reduce anxiety and depression.

Question 7

A. Construct validity.

Question 8

C. External validity.

Question 9

A. Internal and external validity.

What are the ethical guidelines for psychological research? - ExamTests 4

Questions

Question 1

A researcher observes in a supermarket which fruits and vegetables adult men and women buy most often. What can you say about the need for informed consent in this study?

1. Informed consent is not necessary here, as the subjects are not harmed and they can reasonably assume that they could be observed by others in a supermarket.
2. Informed consent is not necessary here, as the study does not use deception.
3. Informed consent is needed, because people shopping in a supermarket are not anonymous.
4. According to the Belmont principle of respect for persons, informed consent is always necessary.

Question 2

Not all people who suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can be helped with cognitive behavioral therapy or medication. For such severe cases, a possible alternative is some type of brain surgery. If researchers choose to conduct an experiment in which they randomly assign subjects to an operation or a control group, what problem arises?

1. A real experiment is likely to have lower ecological validity, which in turn affects external validity.
2. It will be more difficult to support statistical validity because the data from a real experiment is usually less informative due to possible obscuring factors.
3. Conducting a real experiment will pose more ethical challenges, as you can't just deny patients a treatment that could potentially benefit them.
4. A real experiment must use a random sample, which is probably difficult to obtain in this case.

Question 3

Which of the following answers is not part of the Belmont Report?

1. Respect for persons.
2. Justice.
3. Benefit.
4. Responsibility.

Question 4

To be allowed to use a sample from only one part of the population, researchers must prove that the problem they are studying only occurs in that part. What principle of the Belmont Report is this?

1. Respect for persons.
2. Benefit.
3. Special protection.
4. Justice.

Question 5

How does a researcher restore the relationship with the participant after using deception?

1. By apologizing and giving the participant money.
2. By a debriefing after the participant has participated.
3. By telling the participant that the study is anonymous.
4. By giving each participant a description of the aims and hypotheses of the study.

Question 6

If you present someone else's idea as your own, what is it called?

1. Plagiarism.
2. Oppression.
3. Faking good.
4. Data falsification.

Question 7

Which is not one of the three R's?

1. Reduction.
2. Replacement.
3. Refinement.
4. Restoration.

Answers

Question 1

A. Informed consent is not necessary here, as the subjects are not harmed and they can reasonably assume that they can be observed by others in a supermarket.

Question 2

C. Conducting a real experiment will pose more ethical challenges, as you can't just deny patients a treatment that could potentially benefit them.

Question 3

D. Responsibility.

Question 4

D. Justice.

Question 5

B. By a debriefing after the participant has participated.

Question 6

A. Plagiarism.

Question 7

D. Restoration.

What are good measures in psychology? - ExamTests 5

Questions

Question 1

Researchers estimate a Cronbach's alpha of .82 for a general well-being questionnaire, indicating high internal reliability. What does this mean for the general construct validity of this questionnaire?

1. The construct validity is sufficiently supported, because a high reliability by definition means that the validity is also high.
2. The high internal reliability partially supports construct validity, because high reliability is necessary for high validity.
3. The researchers should have used test-retest reliability to support construct validity.
4. This finding does not support construct validity, as reliability is not the same as validity.

Question 2

The same researchers as those in the question above come to the conclusion that general well-being is a construct that consists of several facets: physical well-being and social well-being. Which of the options below would provide support for the content validity of the questionnaire?

1. A panel of well-being experts believe that the questionnaire is a good way to assess general well-being.
2. The questionnaire contains different categories of items that focus on different facets of general well-being.
3. The scores on the general well-being questionnaire correlate strongly with a quality of life questionnaire, which should be a related construct.
4. People who score high on the general well-being questionnaire also generally perform well at work. Job performance is relevant core behavior that should be positively associated with general well-being.

Question 3

A particular questionnaire about religiosity has been validated in a previous study. In that study, the questionnaire was completed by a group of people who the researchers already knew attended church regularly and by a group of people known to be members of the International Atheist Alliance. Why would the researchers have included these people in the study?

1. To establish convergent and discriminant validity.
2. To operationalize the construct “religiosity”.
3. To determine the between-group reliability.
4. To be able to use the known-groups paradigm.

Question 4

If a researcher is doing observational research, what is the best way to establish the reliability of the observations?

1. The researcher should use a coding scheme or codebook.
2. The researcher must ensure that the coding is done by someone who does not know the hypotheses.
3. The researcher should compare her observations with those of another observer.
4. The researcher should calculate the correlation between her observations of the behavior she wants to investigate and other relevant behavior.

Answers

Question 1

B. The high internal reliability partially supports construct validity, because high reliability is necessary for high validity.

Question 2

B. The questionnaire contains different categories of items that focus on different facets of general well-being.

Question 3

D. To be able to use the known-groups paradigm.

Question 4

C. The researcher should compare her observations with those of another observer. - So the answer here is not A: using a codebook, as this can improve reliability, but the question is specifically about establishing reliability. Answer B is about increasing validity by avoiding observer bias and observer effects and option D describes a form of criterion validity.

How do we use surveys and observations? - ExamTests 6

Questions

Question 1

Dr. Jawanda notes that cereal commercials are often aimed at children. She therefore wants to know to what extent children influence which breakfast cereals the parents decide to buy. She has no specific expectations, but simply wants to learn more about the decision-making process when choosing breakfast cereals. She therefore goes to a large supermarket to study parents and children in the breakfast cereal aisle. What do we call this type of research?

1. Longitudinal study.
2. Correlational research.
3. Observational research.
4. A survey.

Question 2

What is the most likely reason that Dr. Jawanda has chosen to collect the data in this way instead of through self-report?

1. Children may not be able to properly articulate why they choose a particular type of cereal.
2. In general, self-report rarely provides accurate answers.
3. Parents may not be aware of the extent to which their children influence their decision to buy a particular type of breakfast cereal.
4. Observations are the best way to collect data to test a frequency claim.

Question 3

Dr. Jawanda goes into the investigation without expectations and observes for a while in the supermarket. At some point she fears that certain parents and children will realize that they are being observed. What should she be concerned about if this is the case?

1. Observer bias.
2. Observer effects.
3. Expectancy effects.
4. Reactivity.

Question 4

The following question is asked on a survey "have you bought your phone in the past two years and downloaded the most recent update?" What's the problem with this question?

1. It's a leading question.
2. He is worded negatively.
3. It's a double-barreled question.
4. It is not presented as Likert scale.

Question 5

If people do acquiescence then...?

1. They say what the researcher wants to hear.
2. They are affected by someone looking at them.
3. Do their best to provide socially acceptable answers.
4. They agree with every item regardless of the question.

Question 6

Which of the following ensures good interterrater reliability?

1. A codebook.
2. Using naive observers.
3. Using essay questions.
4. Getting a group of people used to the observer.

Question 7

How do we reduce observer bias?

1. Waiting for participants to get used to the observer.
2. Measuring the physical traces of behavior rather than the behavior itself.
3. Keeping an observer unaware of the study's hypotheses.
4. Make the observations inconspicuously.

Answers

Question 1

C. Observational research.

Question 2

C. Parents may not be aware of the extent to which their children influence their decision to buy a particular type of breakfast cereal.

Question 3

D. Reactivity. - Options A, B and C are only a problem if the person has certain expectations of the researcher.

Question 4

C. It's a double-barreled question.

Question 5

D. They agree with every item regardless of the question.

Question 6

A. A codebook.

Question 7

C. Keeping an observer unaware of the study's hypotheses.

How do we estimate the frequencies of behavior and attitudes? - ExamTests 7

Questions

Question 1

Prof. Zimmerman is a statistics teacher. He thinks that many of his students are nervous about the subject. He is afraid that they will get lower grades as a result and therefore wants to test an intervention that should boost the self-confidence of the students, which should also increase the students' grades. The population of interest of Prof. Zimmermann's includes all psychology students at his university who will be taking the Introduction to Statistics course this year. He knows that about 20% of his population is made up of second-year students taking the course again. To reflect this in his sample, he randomly selects students until his sample consists of 100 psychology students, 80% of whom are first-years and 20% of whom are second-year students. What kind of sampling technique is described here?

1. Cluster sampling.
2. Quota sampling.
3. Stratified random sampling.
4. Systematic random sampling.

Question 2

One researcher is interested in the following population: "New York dog owners". Which of the following samples can we generalize to this population?

1. 25 New York dog owners, randomly selected from a database.
2. 25 dog owners from all over the United States.
3. 25 dog owners who visit a dog park every day.
4. 25 dog owners at the New York vet.

Question 3

Which of the following samples is likely to be generalizable to the population in which a researcher is interested?

1. A convenience sample of twelve thousand people.
2. A quota sample of one hundred and twenty people.
3. A stratified-random sample of one hundred and twenty people.
4. A snowball sample of twelve thousand people.

Question 4

Some researchers find it important that their sample is externally valid. Which of the following research questions requires an externally valid sample?

1. What is the proportion of depressed teenagers in the Netherlands?
2. Is there an association between depression and drug use in teens?
3. Are support groups effective for teens with depression?
4. Do teenagers with depression have more symptoms than adults?

Question 5

Which of the following terms does not have the same meaning as the others?

1. Generalizable sample.
2. Externally valid sample.
3. Representative sample.
4. Biased sample.

Question 6

What is 'oversampling'?

1. Put too many people in your sample.
2. Take a sample and add more people to it by having your participants invite more people.
3. Taking samples from different demographics of society and taking them together.
4. Deliberately put more people in one or more subgroups of your sample.

Question 7

What is a 'population of interest'?

1. The population in which a researcher is interested.
2. The population that asks the researcher to do the research.
3. The population in need of treatment.
4. The population with an interest in the research that the researcher does.

Answers

Question 1

C. Stratified random sampling.

Question 2

A. 25 New York dog owners, randomly selected from a database.

Question 3

C. A stratified-random sample of one hundred and twenty people.

Question 4

A. What is the proportion of depressed teenagers in the Netherlands?

Question 5

D. Biased sample.

Question 6

D. Deliberately put more people in one or more subgroups of your sample.

Question 7

A. The population in which a researcher is interested.

What is bivariate correlational research? - ExamTests 8

Questions

Question 1

In a large-scale study, 250 people from around the world were given a set of questionnaires to measure their level of religiosity and their general well-being. Why is this considered a correlational study?

1. Because the variables in the study are continuous.
2. Because the data can best be represented in a scatterplot.
3. Because the study contains two variables.
4. Because all variables in the study have been measured.

Question 2

Complete the following sentence. Because bivariate association claims do not meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity, they cannot be ____ ____ .

1. Determining covariance.
2. Questioning construct validity.
3. Testing hypotheses.
4. Making causal inferences.

Question 3

Which of the statements below is true about the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

1. Larger effect sizes increase the likelihood of a statistically significant result.
2. Statistical significance by itself is sufficient to estimate a good approximation of the effect size.
3. The effect size of an association does not affect statistical significance.
4. Effect size and statistical significance are synonyms.

Question 3

Which of the statements below is true about the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

1. Larger effect sizes increase the likelihood of a statistically significant result.
2. Statistical significance by itself is sufficient to estimate a good approximation of effect size.
3. The effect size of an association does not affect statistical significance.
4. Effect size and statistical significance are synonyms.

Question 4

Which correlation provides the greatest support for the claim, "depression is related to health problems"?

1. R = ​​.03
2. R = .45
3. R = -.35
4. R = .23

Question 5

Which of the following associations is better represented on a bar chart than on a scatter chart?

1. The relationship between the degree of depression and the amount of health problems.
2. The relationship between the degree of depression and how often people exercise.
3. The difference in average grade at a private school or a public school.
4. The link between the amount of chronic pain in children and anxiety they have as adults.

Question 6

A study finds that people who like spicy food are more likely to take risks. What question is about the construct validity of this study?

1. How strong is the effect?
2. Did the study use a random sample?
3. Are outliers found in the graph?
4. How well is each variable measured?

Question 7

Daan thinks there's a link between getting high grades and going to private school. He knows there is temporal precedence because you choose your school first and then get your grades. He also knows that there is covariance: there is a connection between your grade and the school you choose. Which of the following questions can Daan use for the third criterion, internal validity?

1. Is there a restriction in spread?
2. Is the link between grade and school the same for men and women?
3. How is it decided whether a school is private or public?
4. Is there another reason the variables are related?

Question 8

Which of the following sentences describes a moderator between risk taking and liking spicy food?

1. There is a positive relationship between spicy food and risk taking for men, but not for women.
2. Older people like spicy food more than young people.
3. The relationship between liking spicy food and taking risks is the same for people from cities and towns.
4. There is a positive relationship between spicy food and risk taking.

Answers

Question 1

D. Because all variables in the study have been measured.

Question 2

D. Making causal inferences.

Question 3

A. Larger effect sizes increase the likelihood of a statistically significant result.

Question 4

B. R = .45

Question 5

C. The difference in average grade at a private school or a public school.

Question 6

D. How well is each variable measured?

Question 7

D. Is there another reason the variables are related?

Question 8

A. There is a positive relationship between spicy food and risk taking for men, but not for women.

What is multivariate correlational research? - ExamTests 9

Questions

Question 1

The following bivariate correlational claim is made: "Social media use is associated with lower grades in college". Which two variables are there?

1. Social media usage and grade.
2. More social media use or lower social media use.
3. Good grades or bad grades.
4. Using social media and going to university.

Question 2

A researcher conducts longitudinal research into the use of social media and the link with numbers. She measures both of these variables in the first year of college and then in the second year of college. Which of the following examples represents an autocorrelation?

1. The correlation between social media use in year 1 and year 2.
2. The correlation between social media use in year 1 and numbers in year 2.
3. The correlation between numbers in year 1 and social media use in year 2.
4. The correlation between numbers in year 1 and social media use in year 1.

Question 3

Using the example from question 2, what pattern of cross-lag correlations shows that social media use leads to lower grades and not the other way around?

1. Year 1 grades show a strong relationship with year 2 social media use, but year 1 social media use shows a weak correlation with year 2 grades.
2. Year 1 grades show a weak correlation with year 2 social media use, but year 1 social media use shows a strong correlation with year 2 grades.
3. Grades in year 1 show a strong correlation with social media use in year 2, and social media use in year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades in year 2.

Question 4

What does it mean when a researcher 'controls for' the influence of a particular variable?

1. The researcher measures it several times.
2. The researcher does not include him in the study.
3. The researcher measures it in one group, but does in the other group.
4. The researcher keeps the variable constant.

Question 5

Which of the following statements provides an example of a mediator relationship?

1. Social media use and numbers are more strongly correlated for women and less strongly correlated for men.
2. Social media usage and grades are only correlated with each other because they are both related to how difficult your major is.
3. Social media use and grades are correlated because social media usage leads to spending less time studying, which leads to lower grades.
4. Social media use and numbers are not related, it seems because of how the researcher measured it.

Question 6

One study reports that among people with dementia, people who speak two languages ​​were diagnosed three to four years later than those who speak only one language. What are the variables in this bivariate association?

1. Being bilingual or monolingual.
2. Being bilingual or not, and age at which the dementia diagnosis was made.
3. Age at which one was diagnosed with dementia.
4. Amount of years later that people were diagnosed.

Question 7

A journalist writes an article about the example from question 6. He reports that this relationship persists even when researchers control for education level. What does this mean?

1. The relationship between bilingualism and dementia can be attributed to education level.
2. Educational level has a greater influence than bilingualism.
3. The relationship between bilingualism and dementia is not attributable to education level. This is a possible third variable.
4. Being bilingual can prevent dementia.

Question 8

Researchers believe that the reason that people who are bilingual only develop dementia later is because they make stronger connections in their brains. These connections then ensure that dementia does not develop until later. What does this statement describe?

1. Mediator.
2. Moderator.
3. Third variable.
4. Bivariate association.

Answers

Question 1

A. Social media usage and grade.

Question 2

A. The correlation between social media use in year 1 and year 2.

Question 3

B. Year 1 grades show a weak correlation with year 2 social media use, but year 1 social media use shows a strong correlation with year 2 grades.

Question 4

D. The researcher keeps the variable constant.

Question 5

C. Social media use and grades are correlated because social media usage leads to spending less time studying, which leads to lower grades.

Question 6

B. Being bilingual or not, and age at which the dementia diagnosis was made.

Question 7

C. The relationship between bilingualism and dementia is not attributable to education level. This is a possible third variable.

Question 8

A. Mediator.

How can causal claims be evaluated with the help of experiments? - ExamTests 10

Questions

The five questions below are based on the following story: Max does an experiment where he asks participants to shake hands with an 'investigator' played by his girlfriend. Then the participants rate how friendly they found her. The researcher was always the same person and greeted all participants in the same way. The participants were randomly assigned to a group where the researcher's hand was cold or warm. The researcher was perceived as friendlier when her hands were warm.

Question 1

Why is temporal precedence being met in this experiment?

1. Because there is a difference between cold versus warm hands.
2. Because the participants shook hands with the researcher before judging how friendly she was.
3. Because the researcher behaved the same in all conditions.
4. Because Max randomly assigned people to conditions.

Question 2

What is the control variable here?

1. The participants' judgment of kindness.
2. The temperature of the hands.
3. The gender of the participants.
4. The default greeting for each participant.

Question 3

What kind of design is this experiment?

1. Posttest-only.
2. Pre-test/post-test.
3. Competitor measures.
4. Repeated measures.

Question 4

Max randomly assigned the participants to conditions, why?

1. Because of the within-groups design.
2. To avoid selection effects.
3. To avoid order effects.
4. Because he wanted to generalize the results to a population.

Question 5

What question is about the construct validity of the experiment?

1. What is the effect size?
2. Were there any confounds?
3. Can we generalize the results?
4. How well does the rating of friendliness reflect what participants really thought of the researcher?

Question 6

If a double-blind placebo-controlled trial is done with random assignment, what problem will NOT be solved?

1. Placebo effects.
2. Demand characteristics.
3. Measurement error/measurement error.
4. Effects selection.

Question 7

What is the name of the experimental design in which there is one group, a pretest and a posttest?

1. One-group pre-test post-test design.
2. Post-test only control group design.
3. Solomon four-group design.
4. One shot case study.

Answers

Question 1

B. Because the participants shook hands with the researcher before judging how friendly she was.

Question 2

D. The default greeting for each participant.

Question 3

A. Posttest-only.

Question 4

B. To avoid selection effects.

Question 5

D. How well does the rating of friendliness reflect what participants really thought of the researcher?

Question 6

C. Measurement error/measurement error.

Question 7

A. One-group pre-test post-test design.

Where and how can we determine the influence of confounding and obscuring factors? - ExamTests 11

Questions

Question 1

What is it called when everyone gets a maximum score on your questionnaire?

1. Measurement error.
2. Ceiling effect.
3. Floor effect.
4. Regression to the mean.

Question 2

What is the difference between a confound and obscuring factor?

1. An obscuring factor indicates a systematic difference between conditions, a confound is about random difference between conditions.
2. Confounds are a problem if you do find an effect, obscuring factors are a problem if you don't find an effect.
3. Confounds have less effect for within-groups designs, but not for obscuring factors.
4. There is no difference.

Question 3

If some of the participants do not complete a follow-up questionnaire of your research, when is this a problem for internal validity?

1. When subjects who drop out are not representative of the population.
2. If the dropout of subjects has reduced the sample to such an extent that the effect is no longer significant.
3. If the subjects who dropped out were aware of the purpose of the study.
4. If only subjects from a certain 'subgroup', for example only women, drop out.

Question 4

What is it called when a certain group of your research systematically drops out?

1. Attrition.
2. Maturation.
3. Selection.
4. Regression.

Question 5

What is the difference between a testing threat and an instrumentation threat?

1. There is no difference.
2. A testing threat is about the participant, an instrumentation threat is not.
3. A testing threat concerns the administration of questionnaires, an instrumentation threat concerns the materials or questionnaires used.
4. An instrumentation threat is about measurement errors, a testing threat is about operationalization errors.

Question 6

If a study has many participants and there is only a small amount of non-systematic variation, then there is…?

1. High internal validity.
2. Manipulation checks.
3. Dependent variables.
4. Power and precision.

Answers

Question 1

B. Ceiling effect.

Question 2

B. Confounds are a problem if you do find an effect, obscuring factors are a problem if you don't find an effect.

Question 3

D. If only subjects from a certain 'subgroup', for example only women, drop out.

Question 4

A. Attrition.

Question 5

C. A testing threat concerns the administration of questionnaires, an instrumentation threat concerns the materials or questionnaires used.

Question 6

D. Power and precision.

How do we deal with experiments that have more than one independent variable? - ExamTests 12

Questions

Question 1

What is a factor?

1. A level of a dependent variable.
2. Something the researcher controls.
3. An acquaintance of the researcher who pretends to be part of the experiment.
4. A level of an independent variable.

Question 2

What is an interaction effect?

1. If a dependent variable varies due to an independent variable.
2. When both independent variables vary in a study.
3. If the participants have contact under different conditions.
4. If the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on another independent variable.

Question 3

What is a factorial design?

1. A design that tests the effect of two or more independent variables.
2. A design in which the effect of two or more dependent variables is tested.
3. A design in which there are always more than four conditions.
4. A design without a control group.

Question 4

What is a main effect?

1. The effect of the different factors in a study.
2. The effect the researcher is interested in.
3. The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable.
4. The main effect from a study.

Question 5

How do you see an interaction effect in a graph?

1. When the lines intersect.
2. If there is only one line.
3. If the lines are parallel.
4. If there is no line.

Answers

Question 1

D. A level of an independent variable.

Question 2

D. If the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on another independent variable.

Question 3

A. A design that tests the effect of two or more independent variables.

Question 4

C. The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 5

A. When the lines intersect.

What are quasi-experiments and small-N Designs? - ExamTests 13

Questions

Question 1

What is a quasi-experiment called in which participants are not randomly assigned to groups, but there is one treatment group and one control group?

1. None equivalent control group design.
2. Independent groups design.
3. Factorial design.
4. Reversal design.

Question 2

Why do we do quasi-experiments?

1. To increase external validity.
2. To avoid ethical problems of an experiment.
3. To increase internal validity.
4. To take advantage of real-world opportunities to study phenomena and events.

Question 3

If we measure people once four weeks before an operation and once four weeks after an operation, what is this called?

1. Stable baseline design.
2. Multiple baseline design.
3. Interrupted time series design.
4. Repeated measures design.

Question 4

What is a single-N design?

1. When you measure one phenomenon in a few people.
2. When you measure a phenomenon in one person.
3. When you measure one phenomenon in many people.
4. When you only have one investigator.

Question 5

What is a stable baseline design?

1. When a quasi-experiment takes a long time.
2. A longitudinal design where no effect is found.
3. A study in which behavior is first observed for a while and then an intervention is applied.
4. A study without intervention.

Answers

Question 1

A. None equivalent control group design.

Question 2

D. To take advantage of real-world opportunities to study phenomena and events.

Question 3

C. Interrupted time series design.

Question 4

B. When you measure a phenomenon in one person.

Question 5

C. A study in which behavior is first observed for a while and then an intervention is applied.

Can we apply the results of a study to the real world? - ExamTests 14

Questions

Question 1

If you repeat a study and you find the same results, what is the study?

1. Replicable.
2. Statistically significant.
3. Valid.
4. Consistent.

Question 2

When a researcher repeats a study with the same abstract variable but with different operationalizations, what is it called?

1. Direct Replication.
2. Meta-analysis.
3. Conceptual replication.
4. Replication plus extension.

Question 3

If a researcher repeats a study, but they add one more variable that they're interested in, we call this a...?

1. Meta-analysis.
2. Conceptual Replication.
3. Replication Plus Extension.
4. Direct Replication.

Question 4

What is the generalization mode?

1. Refining a theory.
2. Examining whether your results generalize to other situations.
3. Doing a replication study.
4. Re-testing a theory.

Question 5

A student emails researchers of a study whether they have unpublished work on the subject. What is she trying to solve with this?

1. The file-drawer problem.
2. P-hacking.
3. HARK-ing. D. Pre-registration.

Answers

Question 1

A. Replicable.

Question 2

C. Conceptual Replication.

Question 3

C. Replication plus xxtension.

Question 4

B. Examining whether your results generalize to other situations.

Question 5

A. The file-drawer problem.