Join with a free account for more service, or become a member for full access to exclusives and extra support of WorldSupporter >>
What kind of lies are there?
There are different types of lies and deception. Sometimes, people don’t have wrong intentions, but they lie to themselves. For example, they deny that they have a symptom of a certain disease while in fact they do. Self-deception and positive illusion are among the least intentional type. People who view themselves in a more positive light do not have the intention to deceive another person, they just really believe these things. Then, there are white lies. These are lies told with the intention to mislead people. Further along the continuum, lay the lies and deceptions of people with certain disorders. These lies are partly conscious and partly unconscious. At the far end of the continuum are the big, deliberate lies. This study is focused on nonverbal deceit. It looks at cues of deceit and the differences in the ability to detect deceit.
The authors define a lie as a deliberate intention to mislead another person. The lies used in the study are ‘real life lies’, like lies about cultural beliefs and lies about crimes. Charles Darwin used to think that emotional expressions could hardly be misleading. According to Darwin, it is hard to conceal true emotions, because emotions are expressed on your face by certain muscles and people can’t really control these muscles. You may try to control them, but involuntary muscles might portray your true feelings. Research shows that when people lie, leakage occurs. This means that part of an emotion occurs rapidly which shows how the person really feels, even if he or she is trying to conceal it. The authors of this article have found some differences between expressed emotions and truly felt emotions. These differences are morphology, timing, symmetry, and cohesion. These will be discussed.
Morphology
Biological based emotions have certain facial expressions that involve certain muscles when a person experiences this emotion. If a person is faking an emotion or inhibiting an emotion, the muscles will not move in the same way. There is a certain coding system people can use to see if somebody really smiles of happiness or is faking a smile. All the muscles are examined and when people produce a fake smile, their muscle movements show actions associated with fear, sadness or disgust. Also, when people smile of joy, they show ‘orbicularis oculi’, so laughing eyes. This means that the eyes are orbited, the brows are pulled down and the cheeks are pulled up. This is called the smile of joy. Because of Duchenne’s discovery of this, these smiles are now called Duchenne smiles. There is a lot of support for the statement that Duchenne smiles are truly smiles of joy. Researchers have found that ten-month-old infants showed Duchenne smiles when their mother approached them, but showed other smiles when a stranger approached them. Research also shows that Duchenne smiles can be recognized in daily life situations.
Timing
In the 1960s, researchers discovered micro facial expressions when they examined videos of psychiatric patients who lied during a clinical interview. These expressions were very brief and often unnoticeable to the untrained observer. Also, the onset of fake emotions is usually abrupt, lasts too long and ends abruptly.
Symmetry
Researchers in the late 1970s reported that emotions were more intensely expressed on the left side of the face than on the right side. This was true for all basic emotions except happiness. So, false smiles are more like to be asymmetric. One study asked children to imitate facial movements and they showed asymmetrical facial actions, while their spontaneous smiles during the experiment were symmetrical.
Cohesion
The face is not the only thing that can show signs of deceit. The voice can also indicate that somebody is lying. Research showed that when people lie, their voice pitch increased. Hesitations and speech errors also may convey deceit. Another aspect that can indicate a lie is gesture. Changes in the frequency or the tempo of gestures may indicate deception. So, if people show gestures that aren’t usual for them, this may be an indication of that they are lying.
What can be concluded?
The researchers of this study point to different cues you can use to detect lies. They have discovered this conducting laboratory experiments. In the real world, however, some people might be very good in lying. Also, using other facial muscles does not always mean that somebody is lying. It is also possible that people experience more than one single emotion and they don’t really know what they are feeling or that they feel embarrassed to show their true feelings. Therefore, the authors suggest to conduct more research in this topic.
Summaries per article with Social Psychology of Communication at University of Groningen 21/22
Summaries per article with Social Psychology of Communication at University of Groningen 21/22
Table of content
- Primary and secondary goals in the production of interpersonal influence messages
- The action assembly theory for human communication
- How can a descriptive taxonomy be used to explore the function of daily talk events?
- The function of gossiping in creating bonds between people
- What is the effect of voice intonation on persuasion of health messages?
- What is the effect of speech accents on interpersonal evaluations?
- The use of different voice types to have effective interpersonal communication
- Differences between expressed emotions and truly felt emotions
- Non-verbal behaviour as communication
- Different theories of arousal
- What is the Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)?
- What is the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)?
- How are Cell Phone Expectations related to the Expectancy Violations Theory in romantic relationships?
- The relation between attitudes toward homosexuality and perceptions of the appropriateness of expressing affection
- Effective communication between cultures
- 'Individualism-collectivism’ and ‘power distance’ as predictors of the differences between cultures
- The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication
- How can we regulate shared reality through conversational micro dynamics?
- Deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles
- Therapist behaviours in Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy
- How robots might persuade people using vocal and nonverbal cues
- What is the role of Artifical Intelligence in e-health communication?
- Social responses to computers
- 1 of 2151
- volgende ›
JoHo can really use your help! Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world
Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
How and why would you use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?
- For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
- For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
- For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
- For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
- For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
Using and finding summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
- Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
- Use the topics and taxonomy terms
- The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
- Check or follow your (study) organizations:
- by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
- this option is only available trough partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- by following individual users, authors you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
- Use the Search tools
- 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
- The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Field of study
- All studies for summaries, study assistance and working fields
- Communication & Media sciences
- Corporate & Organizational Sciences
- Cultural Studies & Humanities
- Economy & Economical sciences
- Education & Pedagogic Sciences
- Health & Medical Sciences
- IT & Exact sciences
- Law & Justice
- Nature & Environmental Sciences
- Psychology & Behavioral Sciences
- Public Administration & Social Sciences
- Science & Research
- Technical Sciences
Add new contribution