Lecture 1: Introduction Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics - Exclusive

This is the summary of the Lecture 1: Introduction Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics. In this lecture, the following chapters were discussed: Chapter 1 Davey (2021) and Chapter 1 to 4 of Luteijn & Barelds (2019)

 

Lecture 1

Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics

Psychodiagnostics

  • By collecting information about client and their environment:
... Interested? Read the instructions below in order to read the full content of this page.

Image

Access: 
Exclusive (for members with extra services and online access)
Access level 'Exclusive': how does getting access tot exclusive content work?

Access level 'Exclusive': how does getting access tot exclusive content work?

How to get online access tot exclusive content as a JoHo WorldSupporter member?

1 - Go to JoHo.org/en/joinjoho, and join JoHo WorldSupporter by choosing a membership with online access

2 - Return to WorldSupporter.org and create an account with the same email address

3 - State your JoHo WorldSupporter Membership during the creation of your account, and you can start using the services

  • You have online access to all free + all exclusive summaries and study notes on WorldSupporter.org and JoHo.org
  • You can use all services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org (EN/NL)
  • You can make use of the tools for work abroad, long journeys, voluntary work, internships and study abroad on JoHo.org (Dutch service)

Already an account?

  • In case you have previously created a WorldSupporter account then, after registering with JoHo, you can change your status on your WorldSupporter account to membership with full online access. Edit your account and see under 'Profile' for the change.
  • Note: Again, you must have used the same email address.

Why to join JoHo WorldSupporter as a member?

  • Benefits of joining WorldSupporter:
    • You can use the navigation and follow your favorite supporters and organizations
    • You can create your own content, add contributions and post messages
    • You can save and collect your favorite content
    • You can read the posts and updates
  • Benefits of joining WorldSupporter with full online access:
    • free access to all the pages and summaries on WorldSupporter that are exclusive for members with an additional contribution to the goals of WorldSupporter

 

Join JoHo WorldSupporter >>

Image

This content refers to .....
Lectures Mental Health Module

Lectures Mental Health Module

In this bundle, I include the summaries of lectures that I participated for the module Mental Health in the year 2023-2024. The bundle includes the following lectures:

- Lecture

........Read more
Lecture 1: Introduction Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics - Exclusive

Lecture 1: Introduction Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics - Exclusive

This is the summary of the Lecture 1: Introduction Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics. In this lecture, the following chapters were discussed: Chapter 1 Davey (2021) and Chapter 1 to 4 of Luteijn & Barelds (2019)

 

Lecture 1

Psychopathology & Psychodiagnostics

Psychodiagnostics

  • By collecting information about client and their environment:
  • The goal is to design the best approach to problems and interests of the client
  • And to evaluate our approach (during and after the treatment)

Characteristics of clinical diagnosis:

  • Theory development of problematic behaviour
  • Operationalisation and its subsequent measurements
  • Application of relevant diagnostic methods

The diagnostic process:

1. Application

  • 1. Analysis of the request
    • Information about the referrer
    • Type and content of request
    • Referrer’s knowledge about client
  • 2. Analysis of request for help

2. The diagnostic reflection

  • Studying file data
  • Weigh information
  • Take into account own bias, knowledge, preferences
  • When needed: literature search, and refer to a colleague

3. Diagnostic scenario

  • Collect all questions
  • Formulate preliminary theory about client
  • Relate problems to questions --> there are 5 basic questions from which all questions can be summarized
    • 1. Recognition --> What?
      • E.g. To what extent does Greg suffer from feelings of
        disconnection?
    • 2. Explanation --> Why?
      • E.g. To what extent can Greg's exposure to a traumatic event in
        the past explain his flashbacks?
    • 3. Prediction --> What will happen in the future?
      • E.g. To what extent will the symptoms get better in the future?
    • 4. Indication --> How can problems be solved?
      • E.g. Can exposure therapy reduce the symptoms?
    • 5. Evaluation --> Did it work?
      • E.g. To what extent has exposure therapy reduced the
        symptoms?

4. Diagnostic research

  • Select research tools considering:
    • Questions that need to be answered
    • The tools are suited to measure what you aim to measure --> come up with testable predictions, to make sure you don’t fall into confirmation bias
    • Efficiency

5. Reporting

  • First aim: summarise diagnostic process, answering the 5 questions
  • Second aim: effective communication about client
  • Diagnostic quality
    • Psychodiagnostics defined as:
      • Diagnostic frames of reference or theories
        • Individual
        • Development --> Freud theories
        • Context --> If context influences client’s problematic behaviour
      • The three frames of references can be tested in test theory models and statistical methods
.....read more
Access: 
Exclusive (for members with extra services and online access)
Lecture 2: Classifying Mental Health - Exclusive

Lecture 2: Classifying Mental Health - Exclusive

This is the summary of the Lecture 2: Classifying Mental Health. In this lecture, the following chapters were discussed: Chapter 2.1 Davey (2021)

 

Lecture 2

Classification systems

Why do we classify? It’s a common language

  • Disorder: the condition the person is experiencing
  • Diagnosis: Conceptualization of this disorder

We classify to:

  • Evaluate person faster
  • Be able to group disorders and accumulate info about them
  • Quickly make decision on appropriate treatment.

Classification efforts:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders(DSM)

  • For psychiatric disorders. It is the main one used globally. The main focus is to classify mental disorders
    • Emerged 1917 for psychotic disorders, thus it only contained disorders that needed treatment
    • DSM that was published 1952 --> dysfunctional behaviours: gave a terminology for behaviours outside of the norm, but did not explain how to diagnose
    • DSM III developed criteria to diagnose. They used an axes system of 5 different dimensions to describe clients
    • DSM-5 combined axes system, and list of scales

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)

  • First formal classification system for mental disorders
  • Main focus is not to diagnose, but to help countries reduce burden of disease
  • Diagnostic criteria similar to DSM

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

  • Understanding of the client as a whole
  • Life-long approach: diagnosis dependent on developmental stages
  • Not as evidenced

Level of Personality Organization:

  • 1st thing assessed is the level of personality organisation --> how the person has come together
    • Identity: do they have stable identity?
    • Object relations: do they have stable relationships?
    • Level of defences: coping mechanisms differ in their benefits and maturity
      • Psychotic level: delusional projection, psychotic denial, psychotic distortion
      • Borderline level: splitting, projective identification, idealization/devaluation, denial, acting out
      • Neurotic level: repression, reaction formation, intellectualization, displacement, undoing
      • Healthy level: anticipation, self-assertion, sublimation, suppression, altruism, and humour
    • Reality testing: ability to appreciate conventional notions of what is realistic

P-Axis: Personality Syndromes

  • A list of labels to differentiate mental disorders --> influence on treatment choice
    • It discusses phenomenon as opposites: depending on defences, you’ll have one or the other label, and they’ll be opposite
  • Sometimes client’s experience is similar as the description from DSM, but other times is not the case. Then, a psychoanalysis approach can help to understand their experience better. For instance, when someone is escaping as a defence mechanisms, and this produces symptoms of mental health disorder, then psychoanalysis can be useful.

M-Axis: profile of mental functioning

  • Classify client in terms
.....read more
Access: 
Exclusive (for members with extra services and online access)
Lecture 3: Depression and mood disorders - Exclusive

Lecture 3: Depression and mood disorders - Exclusive

This is the summary of the Lecture 3: Depression and mood disorders. In this lecture, the following chapters were discussed: Chapter 7 Davey (2021)

 

Lecture 3

Depression and mood disorders

“Though I am often in the depths of misery, there is still calmness, pure harmony and music inside me” Vincent van Gogh

What is a mood disorder?

“A mood disorder is not just a diagnosis”

  • Mental health disorder affects person’s emotional state
  • Symptoms that last relative long periods
  • Long-term deficits in social, functional, cognitive areas

Diagnostics:

  • Two groups of mood disorders, with many subtypes
    • 1. Depressive disorders
    • 2. Bipolar disorders
  • Diagnostics:
    • Language that professionals speak. Helps communication, comparison, prediction, and treatment planning
    • It does not give meaning to patience experience
    • It does not give causal explanations

Etiology of mood disorders

  • Diathesis-stress models: stressful experiences trigger disorders in people who are vulnerable
  • Depression: (potential) genetic predisposition + psychological stressors
  • Bipolar: a more pronounced genetic component

Risk factors:

Depression:

  • Social and environmental factors
  • Gender
  • Neurobiological factors
  • Stressful life events
  • Long-term health issues
  • Ethnic minority? Not always, when it comes to global results
  • Negative emotionality (e.g. rumination, neuroticism)

Bipolar:

  • Genetics
  • Drug/alcohol use
  • Stressful life events
  • Neurobiological factors (e.g. neurotransmitters)
  • Cognitive deficits (related to difficulties in
    emotion regulation)

The diagnostic process:

  • Interview, observe, and use of instruments
    • History, level of functioning (how well client functions in daily life --> e.g. functioning depression, nonfunctioning depression)
  • Clinical interview protocols (semi-structured, disorder-based)
  • Questionnaires for screening --> not in-depth analysis, general classification of client’s symptoms
  • Special challenges:
      • Interviewing depressed patients: time-consuming, due to their slow/passivity attitude
      • In (hypo) mania: they don’t want to talk to you, they feel great. There is no experienced problem.

Treatments of mood disorders:

  • Talk therapies
  • Medication
  • Other treatments:
    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): was one of the most invasive treatments, but it has adapted. Now it seems to be really effective for severe persistent depression (when nothing else worked)
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): pulses of magnetic energy to increase brain activity at a specific location
    • Light therapy: supplementing natural sunlight with artificial light to treat SAD

Prognosis of mood disorders:

  • Recurring or ongoing symptoms --> dependent on:
    • The severity of the condition
    • How early is it’s diagnoses (and whether something has been done for treatment)
    • Whether it was treated properly
    • Comorbidity
.....read more
Access: 
Exclusive (for members with extra services and online access)

Image

 

 

Contributions: posts

Help other WorldSupporters with additions, improvements and tips

Add new contribution

CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Image CAPTCHA
Enter the characters shown in the image.

Image

Spotlight: topics

Check the related and most recent topics and summaries:
Institutions, jobs and organizations:
This content is also used in .....

Image

Check how to use summaries on WorldSupporter.org

Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams

How and why would you use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?

  • For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
  • For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
  • For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
  • For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
  • For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.

Using and finding summaries, study notes and practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter

There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.

  1. Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
    • Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
  2. Use the topics and taxonomy terms
    • The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
  3. Check or follow your (study) organizations:
    • by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
    • this option is only available trough partner organizations
  4. Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
    • by following individual users, authors  you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
  5. Use the Search tools
    • 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
    • The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages

Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?

Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance

Field of study

Follow the author: _quimcoco
Work for WorldSupporter

Image

JoHo can really use your help!  Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world

Working for JoHo as a student in Leyden

Parttime werken voor JoHo

Statistics
847