Psychological Assessment – Interim exam 1 summary [UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM]
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Psychological assessment refers to the collection and integration of psychological data to make a diagnosis in the field of psychology. This employs tools such as tests, interviews, observation and specifically designed equipment.
Physiognomy states that it is possible to judge the inner character of people from their appearance (e.g. face). Phrenology states that the bumps on the skull are an indicator of personality.
A single aptitude test measures one ability domain and a multiple-aptitude test measures several distinct ability domains. The development of aptitude tests lagged behind the development of intelligence tests because of a lack of statistical techniques (1) and the absence of practical application of these tests (2).
Ipsative tests compare the relative strength of interests within an individual instead of comparing it to professional groups (e.g. interest inventories). There is a world-wide trend of evidence-based testing; the idea that treatments and interventions require proof that they are effective.
In the first world war, there was group testing of intelligence on recruits. This was not very successful because of the large number of recruits (1), the difficulty comparing verbal and non-verbal tests (2) and the lack of validation of the test (3).
The Bernreuter personality inventory was one of the first personality tests. The Rorschach test was developed to reveal the inner workings of an abnormal subject. The Thematic Apperception Test was developed as an instrument to study normal personality.
Projective testing made use of free association (1), sentence completion (2), and interpretation (3).
Person | Relevance |
Wundt | He measured the speed of thought of individuals. |
Galton | He demonstrated that individual differences exist and are objectively measurable. |
Wissler | He attempted to validate measurements and demonstrated that reaction time and sensory discrimination (i.e. copper era) were flawed as measurements for intelligence. |
Thomasius | He was the first to use rating scales and systematically collect and analyse quantitative data. |
Esquirol | He was the first to formalize the difference between mental retardation and mental illness. |
Seguin | He developed educational programmes for people with mental retardation. |
Binet | He proposed the first modern intelligence test. |
Goddard | He misused intelligence tests to discriminate immigrants; he did not take cultural differences into account. |
Hollingsworth | He demonstrated the difference between the gifted and the highly gifted and demonstrated that gender differences in intelligence were due to social and cultural impacts. |
Woodworth | He developed a test to assess who was susceptible to psychoneurosis. |
There are several pitfalls in psychological assessment:
The scientific evidence for the existence of these errors in the diagnostic process comes from differences between raters and methods. The general solutions to error in psychological assessment are awareness of the limitations (1), including circumstances (2), thinking about verification and falsification (3), use specific instruments that are as valid and reliable as possible (4), think about whether one instrument is sufficient (5), remain critical (6) and follow the hypothesis-testing model (7).
The diagnostic process consists of several steps:
There are five basic questions for psychological assessment:
The nature of control determines whether the explanation of the problems is characterized by causes (i.e. objective facts) or reasons (i.e. voluntary actions). Synchronous explanatory conditions explain conditions that coincide with the current problems and diachronous explanatory conditions explain conditions that precede the problem.
Psychological assessment only provides a picture of how a person is currently functioning. Classification refers to assigning the clinical picture to a class of problems. Diagnostic formulation focuses on the individual and the unique clinical picture.
Analysis of the request for diagnosis contains information about the referrer which can provide information about the seriousness and the setting. This analysis is followed by a reflection phase in which weight is given to each piece of information.
The diagnostician organizes all of the requester’s and the client’s questions from the application phase in a diagnostic scenario. This is used to propose an initial, tentative theory about the problematic behaviour to determine which information should be assigned to the recognition question and what should be examined as explanation.
Diagnosis and treatment combination (DTC) states that once a patient is diagnosed this diagnosis is accompanied by an evidence-based treatment. This has several points of criticism:
There are several basic ethical principles for during psychological assessment:
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This bundle contains the articles and lectures for the first interim exam of the course "Psychological Assessment" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains the following materials:
- Lecture 1 (Wright (2011); Gregory (2014); Bijttebier et al. (2019).
-
This bundle contains the articles and lectures for the course "Psychological Assessment" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains the following materials:
Interim exam 1:
- Lecture 1 (Wright (2011); Gregory (2014); Bijttebier et al. (2019).
-
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