What do attachment theories say about development? - ExamTest 11

Questions

Question 1

What is the third step in the attachment process according to Bowlby? 

1. Reciprocal relationships.
2. Clear-cut attachment.
3. Pre attachment.
4. Attachment-in-the-making.

Question 2

Which attachment pattern does not originally belong to the three attachment patterns of Ainsworth?

1. Secure attachment.
2. Insecure ambivalent attachment.
3. Insecure disorganized attachment.
4. Insecure avoidant attachment.

Question 3

What is NOT characteristic of an insecure ambivalent child?

1. The child behaves very clingy.
2. The child calms down through the presence of a stranger.
3. The child is difficult to comfort when the mother returns after being separated from her.
4. The child is comforted just as easily by a stranger as by the mother after divorce from the mother.

Question 4

The attachment relationship of a child s is often related to the attachment relationship that his / her mother had with her mother. The mother used to have an autonomous attachment style. What will the child get?

1. A secure attachment style.
2. An insecure ambivalent attachment style
3. An insecure-avoidant attachment style
4. This cannot be said on the basis of this information.

Question 5

What is NOT an indication that a child has developed a self-image?

1. Recognizing itself in the mirror.
2. Comparing itself with peers.
3. Recognizing deviations from appearance when looking in the mirror.
4. Imitating other people's facial expressions.

Question 6

Read the following case carefully: "Rebecca reacts more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles more often in the presence of her mother than in the presence of other people. She shows no fear of separation and is not actively looking for her mother when her mother is away for a while ".

What stage of the development of an attachment relationship is Rebecca at according to Bowlby?

1. Pre-attachment.
2. Attachment-in-the-making.
3. Clear-cut attachment.
4. Reciprocal relationships.

Question 7

Children raised in a parenting style are characterized by increased impulsivity, poor self-control, lower school performance and increased antisocial behavior.

1. Authoritative.
2. Dismissive-neglectful.
3. Permissive.
4. Authoritarian.

Question 8

Harlow's work with infant rhesus monkeys found that the monkeys spent more time with the cloth mothers that did not actually feed them than the wire mothers, that did feed them. What is the main implication of this finding?

1. The monkeys were not motivated by food.
2. The monkeys were drawn to food more than to physical comfort.
3. The monkeys were drawn to physical comfort more than to food.
4. The monkeys' choices were explained by behaviorism.

Question 9

Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworth's initial three categories?

1. Securely attached.
2. Disorganized/disoriented.
3. Insecure/resistant.
4. Insecure/avoidant.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a typical individual's experience with attachment?

1. Once a child develops an attachment style, that style remains consistent for all relationships in their lives.
2. Children are born with an internal working model of attachment, pre-programmed in their genes.
3. A child's attachment may vary from person to person.
4. Attachment is only relevant in strange situations.

Question 11

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up ... .

1. Disappears by adulthood.
2. Can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment.
3. Can be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin in the brain.
4. Is proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types.

Question 12

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ... characteristics to ... qualities.

1. Psychological; physical.
2. Active; passive.
3. Physical; psychological.
4. Flattering; unflattering.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is not true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?

1. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem.
2. Minority-group members can face challenges in adopting the values of their ethnic group or those of the dominant culture.
3. Because they may have had early experiences with discrimination, ethnic and racial minority adolescents may feel ambivalent about their own ethnic status.
4. Development of a bicultural identiity can lead to positive benefits for some minority youth and can lead to challenges for others.

Question 14

For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by ... .

1. Feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others.
2. A preference for social interaction with other sexual minority individuals.
3. An individual's first experience with same-sex sexual activities.
4. An individual's initial disclosure about his/her sexual identity.

Question 15

According to James Marcia's theory of idenity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?

1. Identity diffusion.
2. Identity foreclosure.
3. Confusion.
4. Moratorium.

Answers

Question 1

B. The correct order is: pre attachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships. 

Question 2

C. This attachment pattern was added, because a small percentage of children did not fit well into any of the three categories.

Question 3

B. The child calms down through the presence of a stranger.

Question 4

A. A secure attachment.

Question 5

D. Imitating other people's facial expressions is not an indication of the development of a self-concept.

Question 6

B. Rebecca is in the stage of attachment-in-the-making according to Bowlby's theory.

Question 7

C. Permissive parenting style.

Question 8

C. The monkeys were drawn to physical comfort more than to food.

Question 9

B. The disorganized/disoriented category was added later on.

Question 10

C. A child's attachment may vary from person to person.

Question 11

B. Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment.

Question 12

C. As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on physical characteristics to psychological qualities.

Question 13

A. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem.

Question 14

A. For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others.

Question 15

D. Moratorium.