Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition) - Book summary
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Emotion refers to a number of mental states that are relatively short-lived and are associated with an eliciting event. There are four key features of emotions:
Emotions provide us with essential feedback on the execution of our plans relative to our goals. Emotions have not been studied a lot, because it was first seen as irrational and it is difficult to study. The amygdala (fear), the orbitofrontal cortex (anger) and the cingulate cortex (sadness) are involved in emotions. The insula has been linked to disgust. The default network is a network of brain regions that is active when the person is not focused on the external environment. The salience network is involved in monitoring the external and internal environment to allow detection of salient stimuli.
Emotions are to some extent culture-dependent. Display rules are social conventions governing how, when and with whom emotions may be expressed in society. There are core emotions that are universal. The core emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness and sadness. Emotional leakage refers to the unintended expression of emotion or a failure to mask emotion. Masked emotions are associated with more inconsistent expressions and an increased blink rate. The emotional responses someone has when depressed is culturally determined, as being depressed also means not being able to regulate the emotional expression in line with the cultural norms.
Clore and Ortony propose that human emotions are characterized by four components:
There are several theories on the relationship between emotion and cognition. There are two early theories of emotion and cognition:
The catharsis myth is the mistaken idea that aggressive behaviour is an effective means of reducing aggressive feelings. There are also other theories of emotions, based on the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories:
The multi-level theories of emotion propose that both preattentive and conscious cognitive processes are involved in emotion. This states that sometimes we feel an emotion before cognition and sometimes we feel emotion after cognition.
Emotions have an effect on cognition. Attentional bias refers to the tendency for emotional stimuli to capture or draw attention. Emotional content is likely to draw the attention of an individual. This has been demonstrated in the emotional Stroop task. The visual search tasks require an active search of a visual array, usually for a particular object or stimulus feature. Pre-attentive visual search is faster for emotional information compared to neutral information.
Presence of an emotional stimulus heightens contrast sensitivity in perception. Emotion also increases an individual’s field of view. Emotion has an influence on perception.
Memory for emotional events is generally better than for events that do not arouse emotions, but these memories are not error-free. Extreme emotions can have a negative effect on cognition. There is a confidence-accuracy disparity. Confidence is not a useful predictor for the accuracy of a memory. The most common error in memory recall is source error. People tend to misattribute the source of information. The best predictor of later recall accuracy was the strength of the emotional response of the person at the time of the event. Self-monitoring describes the extent to which a person is concerned with self-presentation and how others perceive them. The idea of encoding specificity refers to the idea that memory is facilitated when there is overlap between the conditions at encoding and those at retrieval. Tunnel memory refers to the enhancement of memory of central details with reduced memory for peripheral details. This effect mostly applies to negative events.
Mood congruency refers to the tendency to recall events consistent with the current mood state. This effect is often explained in terms of network models. Network models of memory treat memories as items related in a network which can affect each other through activation. State-dependent memory refers to the facilitation of memory when the mental or physiological state at encoding and retrieval matches. Emotion-congruent memory is stronger for positive emotions than for negative emotions. This does not fit with a network model. Thought congruity is the tendency for thoughts and judgements to be consistent with mood state.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the fourth interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The bundle contains the following chapters:
- 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
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This bundle describes a summary of the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the fourth interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The bundle contains the
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