Exam tests of An Introduction to Social Psychology - Hewstone & Stroebe - 6th edition

What are research methods within the field of social psychology? - ExamTest 2

Questions

Question 1

What is a moderator?

Question 2

What is validity?

Question 3

State an advantage and a disadvantage of internet-experiments

Question 4

What is the main difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment?

Answer indication

Question 1

A third variable, which influences the relationship between two variables. The relationship between these two variables depends on this moderator variable.

Question 2

This looks at whether the test really measures what it’s supposed to measure.

Question 3

An advantage is that much data (from over the world) can be gathered in a short period of time and a disadvantage is that there is not much control for the researcher.

Question 4

In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to the conditions, while in a quasi-experiment they are not.

What are the differences between perception & attribution? - ExamTest 3

Questions

Question 1

What is the covariation theory?

Question 2

What does the principle ‘distinctiveness’ refer to?

Question 3

Our expectations about how other people ought to behave can interfere with our interpretations, is ascribed in what attribution bias?

1. Self-attribution bias

2. Self-serving attribution bias

3. False consensus bias

Answer indication

Question 1

According to this theory, people can make internal (it’s due to the person) and external (it’s due to the situation) attributions.

Question 2

The extent to which a person reacts on different objects under different circumstances

Question 3

C

How to define social cognition? - ExamTest 4

Questions

Question 1

What is the anchoring/adjustment heuristic?

Question 2

What heuristic are we using when we assign a person to the category of ‘woman’ because this person looks similar to a typical example of a woman?

Question 3

Which of the statements is/are true?

I. Priming can elicit implicit goals and these in turn can affect stereotype activation.

II. When we are aware that we have the tendency to stereotype, and when we have the capacity and motivation to control our thoughts, we are still not able to control the tendency to stereotype.

1. I is true

2. II is true

3. Both I and II are true

Answer indication

Question 1

The anchoring/adjustment heuristic is a shortcut in which we place weight upon initial anchors, standards/schemas, and not sufficiently adjust away from these anchors.

Question 2

Representative heuristic

Question 3

A

Which aspects of the self are important in social psychology? - ExamTest 5

Questions

Question 1

Why isn’t introspection a good tool to getting to know ourselves?

Question 2

Which sentence(s) is/are true?

I. Self-categorization theory suggests that people divide the world into ingroups and outgroups, but this is not done with motivation; it’s a side-effect of the process of perception.

II. The social comparison theory states that we only compare ourselves with people who are lower than us.

1. I is true

2. II is true

3. I and II are true

Question 3

What is the self-reference effect?

Answer indication

Question 1

This method of obtaining self-knowledge is flawed not only because of the automatic element of much of our cognitive processing, but also because of personal biases and wishes that make it hard to judge ourselves accurately. People do not know how their minds work and when they feel like they do know, they’re often simply rationalizing their thoughts and behaviours.

Question 2

A

Question 3

Information that is related to the self is processed faster and easier to remember than other information.

How to deal with attitudes and beliefs? - ExamTest 6

Questions

Question 1

What are the three components of attitudes, according to the multicomponent model of attitudes?

Question 2

What is the Theory of Reasoned Action?

Question 3

Measures of attitude and behaviour need to correspond on four elements. What is not what of those elements?

1. Target

2. Action

3. Strength

Answer indication

Question 1

Cognitive, affective and behavioural precursors

Question 2

The theory of reasoned action (TRA) is a model that predicts behaviour by looking at behavioural intentions determined by attitudes and subjective norms.

Question 3

C

How to manage behavioural change? - ExamTest 7

Questions

Question 1

What is cognitive dissonance?

Question 2

What goal do ‘thinking products’ serve?

Question 3

According to McGuire’s information processing model, the persuasive impact of a message results from five steps. Which one is not part of those steps?

1. Behaviour

2. Reversion

3. Comprehension

Answer indication

Question 1

Cognitive dissonance is the uncomfortable tension when our beliefs and our actions don’t match, a state which we are highly motivated to reduce.

Question 2

A utilitarian goal.

Question 3

B

What is influence in social psychology? - ExamTest 8

Questions

Question 1

What is not one of the explanations for social facilitation/social inhibition?

1. evaluation apprehension

2. conflicting attention

3. social norms

Question 2

What is the difference between descriptive and injunctive norms?

Question 3

What can be a consequence of de-individuation?

Question 4

Which influence technique is used in the following description: A salesperson makes an extreme request (which is refused), then he makes a more reasonable request?

Question 5

Name two factors that impact the level of conformity.

Question 6

What does group polarization refer to?

Answer indication

Question 1

C

Question 2

A descriptive norm tells you what others actually do in a particular situation, while injunctive norms tell you what you should do.

Question 3

Because people are deprived of their sense of individual identity, they are more likely to behave in an extreme way that violates norms and is anti-social.

Question 4

Door-in-the-face technique.

Question 5

The answer should consist of two of the following: group size, unanimity, social support and culture.

Question 6

Making a more extreme decision in groups, than the individual would make.

Altruism and Prosocial Behaviour: When do we help? - ExamTest 10

Questions

Question 1

How does the negative-state-relief model try to explain the helping behaviour of people?

Question 2

Explain how pluralistic ignorance can result into the bystander effect.

Question 3

What does the kin selection theory refer to?

Answer indication

Question 1

According to this model, humans have an innate drive to reduce their negative moods and helping behaviour can elevate mood.

Question 2

Emergencies are unpredictable, infrequent, and risky. When presented with a situation that is sudden and unfamiliar, we may spend time trying to figure out what’s going on – the more people are around us, the more we will look for others for cues. If everyone is doing this, nobody will act.

Question 3

Kin selection theory proposes that we have evolved to favour people genetically related to us and are more likely to help close relatives than strangers.

What is the utility of affiliation and close relationships? - ExamTest 11

Questions

Question 1

What does proximity (when it comes to liking) refer to?

Question 2

What are the other two factors that can influence liking?

Question 3

What is the anxious-ambivalent attachment style?

Question 4

What is passionate love?

Question 5

What is the difference between an exchange relationship and a communal relationship?

Answer indication

Question 1

Being physically close to others (proximity) has been shown to increase the chance of becoming friends with them. This means that you’re more likely to be friends with your roommate, or your neighbor, than you are with someone who lives a 10 minute drive away.

Question 2

Familiarity and similarity.

Question 3

Carers show an inconsistent responsiveness to the child’s needs, causing them to have a strong desire to be close to others but a fear that others will not respond.

Question 4

This is an intense state of love, usually characterized by intrusive thinking and preoccupation with the partner, idealization of the other and the desire to know the other and be known by them.

Question 5

In an exchange relationship, people are concerned with what their partner gets and what they themselves receive to ensure equitable benefits. A communal relationship is one in which the individual is more concerned with what their partner gets than what they themselves receive, and tend to put the other person’s concerns above their own.

What are the dynamics of groups? - ExamTest 12

Questions

Question 1

What happens in the ‘storming stage’ of group development?

Question 2

What are the other four stages?

Question 3

What is re-socialization?

Question 4

What does entitativity refer to?

Question 5

What is the difference in interaction, importance and permeability between task groups and social categories?

Answer indication

Question 1

There is a high conflict in the group, as members resist influence and disagree.

Question 2

Forming, norming, performing and adjourning.

Question 3

When a person is divergent, this person will become a marginal group member, until he exits.

Question 4

The degree to which the collection of people is perceived as being bonded together in a coherent unit.

Question 5

Task group has moderate interaction, moderate importance and moderate permeability, while social categories have low interaction, low importance and low permeability.

How to deal with leadership and performance? - ExamTest 13

Questions

Question 1

What is the difference between actual and potential group performance?

Question 2

What type of task is brainstorming?

1. disjunctive

2. additive

3. conjunctive

Question 3

What is the sucker effect?

Question 4

Why is it more likely that the Köhler effect would occur in conjunctive tasks?

Question 5

What are contingency approaches focus on when we look at leadership?

1. dynamics between leader and follower

2. personality characteristics of leaders

3. the role situational factors play

Question 6

What is transactional leadership?

Answer indication

Question 1

Potential group performance is a calculation of how productive each individual member would be if the task was split up. Actual group performance is how productive the group is when working as a group.

Question 2

B

Question 3

When an individual group member suspects that others are slacking off, they lower their own efforts to avoid becoming the “sucker”.

Question 4

According to the Köhler effect, members may work harder than they would individually because they don’t want to be responsible for weak group performance. In conjunctive tasks, a team is as strong as its weakest link.

Question 5

C

Question 6

Transactional leadership looks at the exchange of goods. A leader gives followers something they want and the leader gets something he wants in return.

What is Culture's role in social psychology? - ExamTest 15

Questions

Question 1

What does WEIRD stand for?

Question 2

Where does ‘Uncertainty avoidance’ refer to in Hofstede’s model?

Question 3

What is assimilation?

Question 4

Which acculturation type do migrants prefer?

Answer indication

Question 1

Western/White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Question 2

The extent to which a nation is averse to risk and uncertainty.

Question 3

A acculturation strategy, that is characterized by the importance of maintaining a positive relationship with the host country, and no importance to maintain the own cultural identity.

Question 4

Integration