Human feelings: why are some more aware than others? - Craig (2004) - Artikel
Interoceptieve gevoelens
De James-Lange veronderstelt dat we ons bang voelen omdat we merken dat ons hart tekeer gaat en onze pupillen verwijden. Studies laten grote variabiliteit zien in de resultaten van subjectief bewustzijn van innerlijke gevoelens, ook wel interoceptie genoemd. De hartslag timing taak van Critchley is een vrij betrouwbare test van interoceptie. Hier moeten proefpersonen aangeven of een aangebracht signaal samengaat met hun hartslag of niet. Voorheen werd het concept van interoceptie alleen gebruikt bij viscerale sensaties (betrekking tot de ingewanden), maar tegenwoordig omvat het begrip alle organen van het lichaam. Gevoelens van het innerlijke zelf gaan samen met de somatische marker hypothese van Damasio (die stelt dat emotie gerelateerde signalen van het lichaam (zweten, versnelde hartslag) onbewust beslissingsprocessen kunnen beïnvloeden).
Experimenteel onderzoek
Onderzoek met hartritme heeft uitgewezen dat een netwerk van onderling verbonden voorhersen structuren betrokken zijn bij interoceptieve aandacht en emotionele gevoelens. Met statistische analyses kwamen ze erachter dat de activatie en de grootte van de rechter anterieure insula (rAI) correleert met het subjectief bewustzijn van interne gevoelens van mensen.
De rol van rAI in het bewustzijn
Tijdens een hoop emoties en muziek wordt de rAI geactiveerd. Daarnaast wijzen er studies uit dat schade aan de rAI leidt tot een verlies van subjectieve gevoelens. Timing verschillen tussen multimodale stimuli kan ook voor een activatie van de rAI zorgen. Andere studies associeren de rAI, orbitofrontale cortex en de anterieure cingulate cortex met het menselijke waarnemingsvermogen. De recent ontdekte, spindle cell, wordt alleen in hierboven genoemde regio’s van het brein gevonden. Deze cel wordt het meest gevonden bij oudere mensen en het minst bij jonge mensen, wat mogelijk samenhangt met de resultaten van de spiegel test van zelfbewustzijn.
Evoluerend bewustzijn
Individuele verschillen in subjectief interoceptief bewustzijn (en emotionele diepte en complexiteit) worden mogelijk uitgedrukt door de mate van expansie van rAI en de grenzende orbitofrontale cortex. De snelle ontwikkeling van de rAI op een korte tijdschaal suggereert dat interoceptieve representaties direct kunnen worden gerelateerd aan de voordelen van geavanceerde sociale interactie.
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Study Guide with article summaries for Emotion and Cognition at Leiden University - 2020/2021
Articlesummaries with Emotion and Cognition at Leiden University
Table of content
- Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated Emotional Responding
- Mimicking emotions
- What is an Animal Emotion?
- Perspectives from affective science on understanding the nature of emotion
- Emotional Expressions Beyond Facial Muscle Actions
- Emotion Processing Deficits: A Liability Spectrum - Kret & Ploeger
- Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) show an attentional bias towards conspecificss - Kret, Jaasma, Bionda, & Wijnen
- Bodily Influences on Emotional Feelings
- Emotion’s Response Patterns
- Bodily Maps of Emotions
- Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies
- Human feelings: why are some more aware than others?
- The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
- A theory of unconscious thought
- Affect, Mood, and Emotion
- Impaired Theory of Mind for Moral Judgment in High-Functioning Autism
- Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives
- The rol of emotion in moral psychology
- Pupil Mimicry Correlates with Trust
- Mood-dependent Memory: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- The autonomic nervous system and emotion
- Emotions as a mechanism for boundedly rational agents: The fast and frugal way
- Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes
- How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?
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