“Cretella, Rosik, & Howsepian (2019). Sex and gender are distinct variables critical to health: Comment on Hyde, Bigler, Joel, Tate, and van Anders (2019).” – Article summary

Sex refers to how an organism is organized with respect to reproduction. This is an innate and binary trait not altered by psychological traits.

There are three reasons why sex is binary:

  1. Two sexes are required for reproduction and this is biologically determined.
  2. Gender identity may change and is thus different from sex.
  3. Genes are differently expressed for males and females.

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to sexual dimorphism:

  1. There are sex-based genetic differences for the propensity of developing certain diseases.
  2. There are sex-based genetic differences with responses to pain, drugs and toxins.
  3. There are sex-based genetic differences regarding cognitive and emotional processing.

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