How does gender development take place? - ExamTest 15

Questions

Question 1

Which term is described? The tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive. 

1. Assertion.
2. Collaboration.
3. Affiliation.
4. Empathy.

Question 2

Which theory that focuses on biological differences regarding gender emphasizes the physical differences between men and women that can have both behavioral and social consequences?

1. Evolutionary psychology theory.
2. Biosocial theory.
3. Neuroscience theory.
4. Social science theory.

Question 3

Which theory on gender development proposes that children enact gender-typed behaviors as soon as they can label other people's and their own gender?

1. Cognitive developmental theory.
2. Social identity theory.
3. Social cognitive theory.
4. Gender schema theory.

Question 4

The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviors and social abilities ...

1. All measurable differences between the sexes are trivial.
2. Boys and girls develop on parallel but unequal tracks.
3. Similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences.
4. Differences between boys and girls outweigh similarities.

Question 5

Rose is a 9-year-old girl. She strongly prefers wearing t-shirts and jeans to dresses and other "girly" clothes. She loves sports and hates playing with dolls. Rose's preferences are an example of ... .

1. Gender-role intensification.
2. Cross-gender-typed behavior.
3. Cisgender modeling.
4. Gender segregation.

Question 6

Gender typing refers to ... 

1. The identification of an individual based on sex chromosomes.
2. An individual's personal identification as male, female, or neither.
3. The process of gender socialization that occurs during development.
4. The genetic forces that determine an individual's sex during prenatal development.

Question 7

The use of gendered nouns and pronouns, the association of certain hair styles with specific genders, and the gender differentiation of specific colors are all examples of which of the following?

1. The psychological salience of gender.
2. Gender identity.
3. Organizational influences.
4. Gender-role intensification.

Question 8

Finnegan, a 5-year-old boy, is given a choice between playing with a toy truck or a ballerina doll. He chooses the truck, because he has learned that boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls. This episode illustrates the child's ... .

1. Interest filter.
2. Intersectionality.
3. Gender schema filter.
4. Gender segregation.

Question 9

Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens in genetic females may influence the development of their nervous system in such a way that result in certain cross-gender-typed behaviors. This example demonstrates the effect of ... .

1. Activating influences.
2. Cisgender disposition.
3. Organizing influences.
4. Self-socialization.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is most representative of Kohlberg's conception of the gender constancy stage?

1. "Girls can have babies, boys cannot."
2. "I am a boy today, but could be a girl tomorrow."
3. "Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."
4. "I will always be a girl."

Question 11

The complex web of inlfuences - including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations - that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as ... .

1. Gender schema.
2. In-group assimilation.
3. Intersectionality.
4. Collaboration.

Question 12

Alex is a 6-year-old boy. His father disapproves when Alex plays with his sister's dolls but happily engages with him when Alex plays with trucks. This scenario is an example of the influence of ... in shaping Alex's gender identity.

1. Observational learning.
2. Collaboration.
3. Enactive experience.
4. Intersectionality.

Question 13

Gender segregation refers to ...

1. The tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and aovid other-gender peers.
2. The differences between the sexes in cognitive and behavioral tendencies.
3. The tendency for an individual to engage in gender-typed behaviors.
4. The tendency of an individual to retain information that is gender schema-consistent.

Question 14

Some people believe that men are supposed to protect women. They may also believe that men and women possess complementary traits, such as men are leaders and protectors and women are submissive and nurturing. These attitudes reflect ... .

1. Gender constancy.
2. The interest filter.
3. Benevolent sexism.
4. Hostile sexism.

Question 15

Children tend to be motivated to ahcieve in those areas that they find personally valuable and in which they expect to succeed. This tendency is described by which of the following models?

1. Gender self-socialization model.
2. Developmental intergroup model.
3. Expectancy-value model of achievement.
4. Affiliation-assertion model.

Answers

Question 1

C. Affiliation is the tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive. Assertiveness is the tendency to take action yourself through competitive, independent, or aggressive behavior. Collaboration is the mixing of these two forms of behavior: assertiveness and affiliation.

Question 2

B. The biosocial theory focuses on biological differences regarding gender, emphasizing the physical differences between men and women that can have both behavioral and social consequences. Evolutionary psychological theory states that gender differences arise from the reproductive benefits. Neuroscience theory focuses on how hormones, brain structure and brain functions are related to gender differences in development.

Question 3

D. The gender schema theory. Cognitive development theory states that understanding gender involves three phases: gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy. Social identity theory states that gender is the most central social identity in life and focuses on the influence of members of a group on self-concepts and behavior / interactions with others. Social cognitive theory states that one learns through education, passive experiences and modeling.

Question 4

C. The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviors and social abilities similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences.

Question 5

B. Rose's preferences are an example of cross-gender-typed behavior.

Question 6

C. Gender typing refers to the process of gender socialization that occurs during development.

Question 7

A. The psychological salience of gender.

Question 8

C. The episode illustrates the child's gender schema filter.

Question 9

C. This example demonstrates the effect of organizing influences.

Question 10

C. "Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."

Question 11

C. The complex web of inlfuences - including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations - that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as intersectionality.

Question 12

C. This scenario is an example of the influence of enactive experience in shaping Alex's gender identity.

Question 13

A. Gender segregation refers to the tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers.

Question 14

C. This is an illustration of benevolent sexism.

Question 15

C. Expectancy-value model of achievement.