How do children develop perception, action, and learning? - ExamTest 5

Questions

Question 1

Which concept is defined in the following? The processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain.

1. Perception.
2. Observation.
3. Sensation.
4. Information processing.

Question 2

Fill in: Infants have high/poor contrast sensitivity, because the cones/rods in their retinas are immature.

1. High, cones.
2. High, rods.
3. Poor, cones.
4. Poor, rods.

Question 3

Which of the following is no reflex of a newborn?

1. Grasping.
2. Sucking.
3. Swallowing.
4. Splashing.

Question 4

Mutual understanding is also called ...

1. Theory of Mind.
2. Intermodal perception.
3. Intersubjectivity.
4. Active learning.

Question 5

A baby touches a block in a dark room. Then he enters a lit room where he sees a ball and a block. He chooses the square block. The familiarity that is shown in this example is due to ...

1. Active learning.
2. Intermodal perception.
3. Object constancy.
4. Perception constancy.

Question 6

A teddy bear makes a sound when you press it. A child realizes this and starts to press on the bear more often. How do we call this effect?

1. Classical conditioning.
2. Imitation.
3. Instrumental conditioning.
4. Active learning.

Question 7

How do babies learn about gravity?

1. When they are a few months old, they only have a basic understanding of gravity. This understanding develops further during the first year of life.
2. A basic understanding of gravity is innate.
3. Babies learn about gravity by trial-and-error during the first year of life.
4. Only after the first year of life do children learn to understand gravity.

Question 8

A young baby does not reach for an object that has just seen hidden. Piaget's interpretation of this is:

1. The baby is no longer interested in the object.
2. The baby is unaware of the object's existence.
3. The baby is not yet able to reach for the object.
4. The baby is not yet able to get the object out.

Question 9

A researcher presents an infant with two objects. To determine whether the infant is able to discriminate between the objects and favors one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spends looking at each object. Which experimental technique is this researcher using?

1. Contrast sensitivity technique.
2. Visuel acuity method.
3. Preferential-looking method.
4. Active learning method.

Question 10

One-month-old Bella is hown a small cube that is close to her. Next she is shown a larger cube that is farther away from her. Because the two cubes are at different distances from Bella, they appear to be the same size. Bella's actions indicate that she recongizes that the second cube is larger, signifying that she has ...

1. Perceptual constancy.
2. ìntermodal perception.
3. Perceptual narrowing.
4. Optical expansion.

Question 11

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why young infants tend to have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?

1. Young infants are not adept at perceiving patterns, particularly sound patterns.
2. Young infants do not yet understand that sound can come from a variety of sources.
3. Children's ears do nut fully develop until they are close to 1 year old.
4. Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Question 12

Five-week-old Johnny is touched on the cheeck and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. Johnny is displayed ...

1. Intermodal perception.
2. Contrast sensitivity.
3. the rooting reflex.
4. The tonic neck reflex.

Question 13

The violation-of-expectancy procedure provided evidence of what basic assumption about infants' understanding of their world?

1. Infants will repeat actions if they receive positive reinforcement from those actions.
2. Infants' imitative actions are limited to the actions of other humans.
3. Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a possible event.
4. Infants' attention will diminish after repeated exposure to the same stimuli.

Question 14

How does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?

1. Surprise instills fear, which prompts the child to seek out less risky situations.
2. Infants are more likely to search for explanation to unexpected events.
3. Parents can explain unexpected events to their children, thus helping them learn.
4. Infants are more likely to seek out situations that conform to their understanding.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of perceptual narrowing?

1. Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to distinguish between different individual monkeys.
2. Infants display a preference for top-heavy, upright faces.
3. Older infants will more likely attempts to grasp an object in a realistic photograph than the same object displayed in a line drawing.
4. As infants gain more experience, they become more adept at devising strategies for crawling down a steep slope.

Answers

Question 1

C. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Question 2

C. Infants have poor contrast sensitivity, because the cones in their retinas are immature.

Question 3

D. Splashing is not a reflex of a newborn.

Question 4

C. Intersubjectivity is another term for mutual understanding.

Question 5

B. Intermodal perception is the integration of the same stimulus in multiple modals of perception.

Question 6

C. Instrumental conditioning can also be called operant conditioning.

Question 7

A. When they are a few months old, they only have a basic understanding of gravity. This understanding develops further during the first year of life.

Question 8

B. The baby is not yet able to be aware of an object that he / she is not seeing.

Question 9

C. Preferential-looking technique.

Question 10

A. perceptual constancy.

Question 11

D. Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Question 12

C. Johnny is displaying the rooting reflex.

Question 13

C. Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible events than at a possible event. The violation-of-expectancy method is a technique for studying infant cognition, based on habituation and dishabituation procedures, in which increases in an infant's looking time at an event or other stimulus are interpreted as evidence that the outcome he or she expected has not occurred.

Question 14

B. Infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events.

Question 15

A. Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to distinguish between different individual monkeys. This ability disappears as a consequence of perceptual narrowing.