Public administration and public policy

Administration, as a field of study, focuses on the principles, practices, and skills needed to effectively manage and organize people, resources, and processes to achieve organizational goals. It's about ensuring smooth operations, efficient resource allocation, and meeting the needs of stakeholders.

What are the main features of administration?

• Planning and Organization: Developing strategies, setting goals, and structuring activities for optimal performance.
• Leadership and Motivation: Inspiring and guiding individuals and teams to achieve shared objectives.
• Decision-Making: Analyzing information, weighing options, and making sound choices under pressure.
• Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication with diverse stakeholders and fostering teamwork.
• Resource Management: Utilizing resources like personnel, finances, and technology efficiently to achieve goals.

What are the most important sub-areas of administration?

• Public Administration: Focuses on the management of government agencies and public service organizations.
• Business Administration: Covers the management of businesses across various industries.
• Healthcare Administration: Deals with the management of

Introduction

Kennedy et al. (2019) critique traditional youth engagement models in environmental issues, arguing they often limit young people to passive data collection roles. They propose "youth inquiry approaches" as an alternative, empowering youth to investigate environmental concerns and advocate for change.

Methodology

The article employs a systematic review approach, analyzing 35 peer-reviewed studies published between 1990 and 2017 that investigated the environmental outcomes of youth inquiry approaches in the United States.

Results

• Limitations of traditional models: Traditional approaches often focus on data collection or education without empowering youth to

Introduction

Hart begins by highlighting the growing recognition of children's rights, particularly their right to participate in decisions affecting their lives. He emphasizes the inadequacy of tokenistic participation, where children are merely consulted or informed without genuine power or influence. This, he argues, undermines their agency and reinforces power imbalances between adults and children.

Critique of Tokenism

Hart dissects various forms of tokenism, including:

• Pseudo-participation: Children are invited to participate in predetermined processes with limited impact on the outcome.
• Adult-controlled participation: Adults control the agenda, framing, and interpretation of children's

Introduction

Ginwright and Cammarota (2002) critique traditional approaches to youth development, arguing they often fail to address the systemic issues impacting marginalized youth. They introduce a social justice approach that emphasizes critical consciousness, agency, and collective action as pathways to youth empowerment.

Methodology

This article adopts a conceptual and theoretical approach, drawing on critical race theory, critical pedagogy, and youth development literature. It does not present original empirical data but uses existing research and case studies to support its arguments and propose a new framework.

Key Arguments

Critique of