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Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms for international relations, organizations and politics

Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms for international relations, organizations and politics

Key terms, definitions and concepts summarized in the field of international relations and politics

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  • Terms: International relations, Politics, Developmental sociology, Development studies, Human rights, Fundamental rights, International organization, Democracy, Public administration, Public policy studies
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What is international relations?

What is international relations?

International Relations is the study of interactions that transcend national borders. This includes relations between nation-states, but also encompasses interactions with international organizations (like the UN), NGOs, and even multinational corporations.

What are the main features of international relations?

  • Interdisciplinary: IR draws from political science, economics, history, law, and other disciplines to understand complex global issues.
  • Global Focus: It looks at the world as a whole, analyzing how different actors interact and influence each other.
  • Focus on Power: A core theme is understanding the distribution and use of power between different actors in the international system.

What are important sub-areas in international relations?

  • International Security: Examines war, peace, terrorism, and arms control.
  • International Political Economy: Analyzes the global economy, trade, and development.
  • Foreign Policy Analysis: Studies how countries make decisions about their interactions with other states.
  • Global Governance: Investigates how international institutions and agreements shape the world.

What are key concepts in international relations?

  • Nationalism: The belief that a nation-state is the primary unit of political organization.
  • Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of the world.
  • Sovereignty: The right of a state to govern itself without external interference.
  • Balance of Power: The idea that states try to maintain a power equilibrium in the international system.

Who are influential figures in international relations?

  • Niccolò Machiavelli: Pioneered the study of power politics.
  • Hans Morgenthau: A realist theorist who emphasized the importance of national interest.
  • John Locke: Influenced liberal thought in IR, focusing on human rights and cooperation.
  • Max Weber: Helped define the concept of the state.

Why is international relations important?

Understanding IR is crucial for navigating the complex world we live in. It helps us:

  • Make sense of global events: From trade wars to pandemics, IR provides frameworks for analysis.
  • Promote cooperation: IR helps identify areas where countries can work together for common good.
  • Address global challenges: Climate change, poverty, and terrorism all require international solutions informed by IR principles.

How is international relations applied in practice?

  • Diplomacy: Diplomats use IR knowledge to negotiate with other countries.
  • Foreign Policy Making: Governments rely on IR theory to formulate foreign policy.
  • International Organizations: IR scholars work in organizations like the UN to address global issues.
  • Journalism: Journalists use IR frameworks to analyze international events.
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What is politics?

What is politics?

Politics is the academic discipline that dissects the who, what, when, where, and why of power. It delves into how power is acquired, exercised, and contested within societies.

What are the main features of politics?

  • Power Analysis: The central theme is understanding power dynamics – who has it, how they use it, and the impact on individuals and societies.
  • Focus on Governance: It examines how societies make decisions, create laws, and manage resources through institutions and processes.
  • Diversity of Approaches: Politics draws from various perspectives, including historical, philosophical, sociological, and economic viewpoints.

What are important sub-areas in politics?

  • Political Theory: Explores the philosophical underpinnings of politics, like justice, liberty, and democracy.
  • Comparative Politics: Compares different political systems, like democracies, monarchies, and authoritarian regimes.
  • American Politics: Focuses on the specific institutions, actors, and processes of US government.
  • Public Policy: Analyzes how governments create and implement policies to address societal issues.

Wat are key concepts in politics?

  • Power: The ability to influence others' behavior.
  • State: The legitimate holder of authority within a territory.
  • Government: The institutions and processes that wield state power.
  • Ideology: A set of beliefs about how society should be organized. (e.g., liberalism, socialism, conservatism)
  • Political Participation: The ways citizens engage in the political process (e.g., voting, protesting, campaigning).

Who are influential figures in politics?

  • Plato: Debated the ideal form of government in his Republic.
  • Aristotle: Analyzed different political systems and the importance of citizen participation.
  • Niccolò Machiavelli: Provided a realist perspective on power politics in The Prince.
  • John Locke: Championed individual rights and social contract theory.
  • Karl Marx: Offered a critique of capitalism and envisioned a communist society.

Why is politics important?

Politics is fundamental to understanding the world around us. It helps us:

  • Become Informed Citizens: Understand your rights, responsibilities, and role in shaping society.
  • Critically Analyze Political Events: Decipher political rhetoric and make informed decisions about who to support.
  • Promote Positive Change: Engage in the political process to advocate for your values and improve society.

How is politics applied in practice?

  • Campaigning: Political consultants and strategists use their knowledge of politics to help candidates win elections.
  • Policymaking: Policy analysts use political knowledge to design and advocate for effective policies.
  • Journalism: Political reporters analyze and explain political events for the public.
  • Activism: Understanding politics empowers individuals and groups to advocate for change in their communities.
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What is democracy?

What is democracy?

Democracy isn't a standalone field, but rather a concept studied across various disciplines. Political science takes the lead, examining its structures, functions, and challenges. Philosophy explores its theoretical foundations and justifications. History analyzes its evolution and different forms throughout history.

What are the main features of democracy?

  • Interdisciplinary: Draws from various disciplines to create a comprehensive understanding of democracy.
  • Focus on Popular Rule: Examines how power is vested in the people and exercised through mechanisms like elections and citizen participation.
  • Normative and Empirical: Analyzes the ideals of democracy (normative) and how it functions in practice (empirical).

What are important sub-areas in democracy?

  • Comparative Politics: Compares different democratic systems (e.g., presidential vs. parliamentary) and their effectiveness.
  • Democratic Theory: Explores different justifications for democracy, its core principles (like liberty and equality), and potential challenges.
  • Political Participation: Analyzes how citizens engage in the democratic process (voting, activism, etc.).
  • Democratization: Studies the processes by which countries transition from non-democratic to democratic systems.

What are key concepts in democracy?

  • Popular Sovereignty: The supreme power resides with the people.
  • Legitimacy: The government's right to rule is derived from the consent of the governed.
  • Representation: Citizens choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
  • Elections: Competitive elections are a cornerstone of democracy.
  • Rule of Law: Everyone, including the government, is subject to the law.
  • Civil Liberties: Fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to citizens (e.g., freedom of speech, assembly, religion).

Who are influential figures in democracy?

  • Plato and Aristotle: Early philosophers who debated the ideal forms of government and citizen participation.
  • John Locke: Championed social contract theory and individual rights.
  • Montesquieu: Advocated for separation of powers to limit government abuse.
  • James Madison: Key figure in designing the US system of checks and balances.
  • John Stuart Mill: Emphasized individual liberty and freedom of expression.

Why is democracy important?

Democracy is crucial because:

  • It promotes individual rights, freedoms, and equality.
  • It encourages citizen participation and political accountability.
  • It provides a peaceful mechanism for transferring power through elections.

How is democracy applied in practice?

  • Constitution Drafting: Political scientists and legal scholars advise on crafting democratic constitutions that define power structures and citizen rights.
  • Election Monitoring: Experts observe elections to ensure fairness and transparency.
  • Promoting Democratic Values: Organizations and activists work to strengthen democratic institutions and practices around the world.
  • Education and Civic Engagement: Educating citizens about their rights and responsibilities is essential for a functioning democracy.
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What is fundamental rights?

What is fundamental rights?

Fundamental rights focus specifically on the legal and constitutional frameworks that protect basic rights and freedoms within a particular country. It delves into the legal interpretations, limitations, and enforcement mechanisms surrounding these rights.

What are the main features of fundamental rights?

  • National Focus: It primarily examines the legal framework of a specific country's constitution and legal system. (This differs from human rights, which has a more universal perspective.)
  • Legal Analysis: Focuses on legal doctrines, case law, and judicial interpretations of fundamental rights.
  • Balance of Power: Analyzes how fundamental rights function within a nation's system of checks and balances, protecting individuals from state overreach.

What are important sub-areas in fundamental rights?

  • Equality Rights: Examines legal principles that guarantee equal treatment under the law and prohibit discrimination.
  • Freedom of Speech and Expression: Analyzes the legal boundaries and limitations on free speech and expression within a country.
  • Due Process Rights: Focuses on legal procedures that ensure fairness in the justice system.
  • Privacy Rights: Explores the legal protections for individual privacy and personal data.

What are key concepts in fundamental rights?

  • Constitution: The supreme law of a country that outlines the structure of government and fundamental rights of citizens.
  • Judicial Review: The power of courts to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions.
  • Standing: The legal requirement for someone to bring a case challenging a law or government action.
  • Proportionality: The principle that restrictions on fundamental rights must be necessary and proportionate to achieve a legitimate aim.
  • Bill of Rights: A document (like the US Bill of Rights) that outlines fundamental rights and liberties.

Who are influential figures in fundamental rights?

  • John Locke: Philosopher who laid the groundwork for concepts of natural rights and limitations on government power.
  • Montesquieu: Advocated for the separation of powers to protect individual liberty.
  • James Madison: Key figure in drafting the US Constitution, ensuring fundamental rights protections.
  • Ruth Bader Ginsburg: US Supreme Court Justice who championed gender equality through her legal decisions.

Why is fundamental rights important?

Understanding fundamental rights is crucial because:

  • They are the cornerstone of a democratic society, protecting individuals from arbitrary government actions.
  • They empower citizens to hold their government accountable.
  • They provide a legal framework for resolving disputes and ensuring fairness.

How is fundamental rights applied in practice?

  • Constitutional Law: Lawyers specialize in interpreting and litigating cases involving fundamental rights.
  • Legal Advocacy: Advocates use knowledge of fundamental rights to challenge discriminatory laws and policies.
  • Policymaking: Policymakers consider fundamental rights when drafting laws and regulations.
  • Judicial Review: Judges use their understanding of fundamental rights to decide cases and ensure laws are constitutional.
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What is human rights?

What is human rights?

Human Rights is an interdisciplinary field that examines the concept of universal human rights, their legal frameworks, and the ongoing struggle to protect them. It explores the ethical, philosophical, legal, and political dimensions of human dignity and well-being.

What are the main features of human rights?

  • Universal Focus: It emphasizes the inherent and inalienable rights belonging to all human beings, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other status.
  • Interdisciplinary Approach: Draws from law, philosophy, political science, sociology, and history to understand human rights issues.
  • Focus on Advocacy: Human rights scholars not only study rights but also advocate for their protection and promotion.

What are important sub-areas in human rights?

  • International Human Rights Law: Analyzes legal frameworks and institutions that protect human rights on a global scale (e.g., UN Human Rights Council, International Criminal Court).
  • Human Rights and Development: Explores the link between human rights and economic and social development.
  • Human Rights and Specific Groups: Focuses on the specific struggles and rights of marginalized groups like women, children, refugees, and indigenous peoples.
  • Human Rights in a Globalized World: Examines the impact of globalization, technology, and emerging threats on human rights.

What are key concepts in human rights?

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A landmark document adopted by the UN in 1948, outlining fundamental human rights and freedoms.
  • Human Dignity: The inherent worth and respect due to every human being.
  • Social Justice: The fair distribution of resources and opportunities to ensure everyone can enjoy their human rights.
  • Accountability: The responsibility of states and individuals to uphold and protect human rights.
  • Empowerment: Providing individuals and groups with the knowledge and resources to claim their rights.

Who are influential figures in human rights?

  • Eleanor Roosevelt: Championed the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  • Nelson Mandela: Fought against racial segregation and apartheid, advocating for human rights for all.
  • Malala Yousafzai: Activist for girls' education rights.
  • Indira Gandhi: Advocated for the rights of developing nations on the international stage.

Why is human rights important?

Human Rights are crucial because:

  • They are the foundation for a just and equitable world where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
  • They protect people from abuse and discrimination.
  • They empower individuals to claim their rightful place in society.

How is human rights applied in practice?

  • Human Rights Lawyers: Work in legal advocacy, litigation, and promoting human rights compliance.
  • Human Rights Organizations: Work with communities to document abuses, advocate for change, and provide humanitarian assistance.
  • Policy Development: Human Rights scholars inform policy creation to promote human rights on a national and international level.
  • Education and Awareness: Educating individuals about their rights empowers them to claim them and hold duty-bearers accountable.
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From language courses to gap year abroad, from work experience to volunteering abroad, from paid work to internship abroad, from mountaineering to diving and from backpacking to travel around the world

    What social activities can you do abroad?

    • Opportunities are found in the areas of helping, learning or studying. You can get involved to volunteer in a social project at a school in Africa, Asia or Latin America. You can get involved in nature, in a project with animals or cleaning the sea or beaches. Those who want to learn more can choose for example a language course in Latin America, Spain or South Africa.

    What work related activities can you do abroad?

    • If you want to gain work experience, and/or also earn money, go and work abroad. You can combine backpacking in Australia with temporary work. You can work on campsites in Europe or bush camps in Africa. You can pretty much go all over the world to work in the hospitality industry, hotels and hostels, in the healthcare sector or for example at a diving school.

    What sports activities to do abroad?

    • Have you ever thought of mountain biking, rafting (going down a wild river on a raft or rubber dinghy, climbing or canoeing), survival (which involves building rafts, climbing or canoeing), abseiling (descending a rock face while secured to ropes), zip-lining (whizzing down a cable), canyoning (starting at the top of a river and then climbing, swimming, diving down the bed) or caving (scrambling, wriggling and crawling through caves and crevices)?
    • Maybe you feel more comfortable on a bodyboard (on a half-wave surfboard, you surf the high waves lying down-with flippers), on a hang glider or while paragliding (with a parachute you float down a mountain or dune), hydrospeeding (on a bodyboard with flippers and a wetsuit on you go down a wild river via rapids) or Tiefschneeskiing (racing down through powder snow)?

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