Understanding another person and culture

 

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Understanding another person and culture

   

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World, cultures and habits: home bundle

World, cultures and habits: home bundle

Habits, customs and understanding each other

World habits, food customs and country philosophies - Theme

World habits, food customs and country philosophies - Theme

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Habits, customs and philosophies from all around the world

Table of contents

  • What are habits and customs?
  • What are typical African habits, food customs and philosophies in Asia?
  • What are typical Asian habits, food customs and philosophies in Asia?
  • What are typical Caribbean habits, food customs and philosophies in Asia?
  • What are typical Central American habits, food
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Anthropology and understanding another: home bundle

Anthropology and understanding another: home bundle

Main content and contributions for anthropology, ethnology and understanding other people and cultures

Anthropology and ethnology - Theme
What is cultural anthropology?

What is cultural anthropology?

Cultural anthropology dives deeper than tourist experiences. It's a branch of anthropology that delves into the social and cultural practices of human societies across the globe.

What are the main features of cultural anthropology?

  • Holistic Approach: Cultural anthropology takes a holistic approach, examining a culture's social organization, language, religion, economy, and material culture to understand the whole picture.
  • Ethnography: The primary research method involves ethnography, where anthropologists immerse themselves in a culture for extended periods, observing and participating in daily life.
  • Cultural Relativism: This field promotes cultural relativism, encouraging the understanding of cultures on their own terms, not through the lens of our own.
  • Focus on Meaning: Cultural anthropologists strive to understand the meaning behind cultural practices, beliefs, and customs.

What are important sub-areas in cultural anthropology?

  • Medical Anthropology: Explores the intersection of culture and health, examining beliefs about illness, healthcare practices, and the cultural impact of diseases.
  • Linguistic Anthropology: Studies the relationship between language, culture, and thought, exploring how language shapes our understanding of the world.
  • Political Anthropology: Examines how power is organized and contested within different cultures, including political systems, leadership structures, and social movements.
  • Economic Anthropology: Studies how cultures produce, distribute, and consume goods and services, analyzing different economic systems and their cultural contexts.
  • Urban Anthropology: Focuses on the study of culture in urban environments, examining social life, community dynamics, and the impact of urbanization.
  • Legal Anthropology: Explores the relationship between law and culture, examining how legal systems are shaped by cultural values and practices.

What are key concepts in cultural anthropology?

  • Culture: The shared system of beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that shape a group of people's way of life.
  • Ethnocentrism: The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others. Cultural anthropology works against this bias.
  • Social Structure: The way a society is organized, including social hierarchies, kinship systems, and gender roles.
  • Cultural Adaptation: How societies adapt their social and cultural practices to their environment and resources.
  • Cultural Change: The dynamic nature of cultures, constantly evolving due to internal and external factors.

Who are influential figures in cultural anthropology?

  • Franz Boas: A pioneer in cultural anthropology, Boas emphasized cultural relativism and the importance of studying cultures in their entirety.
  • Margaret Mead: Famous for her studies of gender roles in different cultures, she challenged traditional gender stereotypes.
  • Bronislaw Malinowski: A key figure in developing ethnography, he spent years living amongst islanders in the Pacific, documenting their culture through participant observation.
  • Claude Lévi-Strauss: French anthropologist whose work focused on symbolism and the way cultures create meaning through myths and rituals.
  • Clifford Geertz: Promoted the concept of "thick description," aiming to understand cultural practices from the perspective of the people who participate in them.

Why is cultural anthropology important?

  • Cross-Cultural Understanding: Cultural anthropology fosters an appreciation for the diversity of human cultures and promotes tolerance and understanding.
  • Challenging Biases: It helps us identify and challenge our own cultural biases and ethnocentrism.
  • Understanding Ourselves: By studying other cultures, we gain a deeper understanding
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What is ethnology?

What is ethnology?

Ethnology, closely linked to cultural anthropology, focuses on the systematic study and comparison of human cultures across the globe. It aims to understand the similarities and differences in social structures, customs, beliefs, and languages. While cultural anthropology often emphasizes fieldwork, ethnology might rely more on existing data and historical records for comparison.

What are the main features of ethnology?

  • Comparative Approach: Ethnology is known for its comparative approach, analyzing cultural similarities and differences across various societies.
  • Focus on Classification: It often seeks to classify cultures into categories based on shared characteristics, such as social organization, kinship systems, or subsistence strategies.
  • Historical Context: Understanding how cultures have evolved and changed over time is a key aspect of ethnology.
  • Cultural Diffusion: Studying the spread of cultural traits and practices from one society to another is another important theme.

What are important sub-areas in ethnology?

  • Social Ethnology: Examines the social organization of different cultures, including kinship systems, social stratification, and political systems.
  • Religious Ethnology: Studies the diverse forms of religious beliefs and practices across cultures, exploring their impact on social life and worldview.
  • Economic Ethnology: Analyzes different economic systems and subsistence strategies employed by various societies.
  • Linguistic Ethnology: Explores the relationship between language and culture, examining how language shapes thought and social interaction.
  • Legal Ethnology: Studies the legal systems of different cultures, analyzing how they reflect cultural values and social norms.
  • Technological Ethnology: Examines the development and use of technology across cultures, exploring its impact on societies and material culture.

What are key concepts in ethnology?

  • Culture: The shared system of beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that shape a group of people's way of life.
  • Social Structure: The way a society is organized, including social hierarchies, kinship systems, and gender roles.
  • Cultural Universals: These are elements found in all or most cultures, such as language, family structures, or religious beliefs.
  • Cultural Variation: The vast diversity of cultural practices and beliefs observed across human societies.
  • Acculturation: The process of cultural change that occurs when two or more cultures come into contact.

Who are influential figures in ethnology?

  • Edward Tylor: A British anthropologist considered the "father of anthropology." He emphasized the importance of studying cultures in a systematic and comparative way.
  • James Frazer: Scottish anthropologist known for his studies of myths, rituals, and magic across different cultures.
  • George Murdock: American anthropologist who developed a system for cross-cultural comparison based on a large database of ethnographic information.
  • Claude Lévi-Strauss: French anthropologist whose work on symbolism and the way cultures create meaning through myths and rituals is relevant to ethnology as well.

Why is ethnology important?

  • Comparative Understanding: Ethnology fosters a broader understanding of human cultures by analyzing similarities and differences across societies.
  • Cultural Change & History: Studying cultural change and historical interactions helps us understand how cultures evolve and adapt.
  • Appreciating Diversity: It promotes appreciation for the richness and diversity of human cultures and societies.
  • Social Issues: Ethnological insights can contribute to understanding social issues like ethnicity, migration, and globalization.
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Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

Table of contents

  • Summary with the book: Society the basics by Macionis a.o. - 12th edition
  • Summary with the book: Cultural studies: theory and practice by Barker and Jane
  • Summary with the book: The Human Web, a Bird's-eye view of world history by McNeill
  • Summary with the book: A history of the modern world by Palmer
  • Summary with the book: Roman Empire: An introduction by Kamm - 2nd edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology and Organizations by De Cremer a.o. - 1st edition
  • Summary with the book: Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination by Whitley and Kite - 3rd edition
  • Summary with the book: Introducing Sociolinguistics - The relationship between language and society by Mesthrie a.o.
  • Summary with the book: Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives by Hatch and Cunliffe
  • Summary with the book: The Practice of Social Research by Babbie - 15th edition
  • Summary with the book: Critical Thinking: A Concise Guide by Bowell - 5th edition
  • Summary with the book: Philosophy of Science and Logic by Van der Velde - 1st edition
  • Summary with the book: Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction by Okasha - 2nd edition
  • Summary with the book: What is this thing called Science by Chalmers - 4th edition

About Society and culture

  • Society is the network of people who interact and share a common space, while culture encompasses their shared beliefs, customs, behaviors, and expressions that shape their way of life.
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Understanding other cultures abroad and around: blogs en contributions of WorldSupporters

Understanding other cultures abroad and around: blogs en contributions of WorldSupporters

Blogs en contributions of WorldSupporters about understanding other cultures abroad and around

How to live and stay in the Philippines?

How to live and stay in the Philippines?

Orientation on living in the Philippines

How to orient yourself with the islands of the Philippines?

  • The Philippines consists of 7.107 islands, of which only a part is inhabited. The total amount of islands is ever changing, depending on the tides.
  • Whilst orientating on living and working in the Philippines you should be careful with using generalisations. It is important to mention that in the Philippine Choice Indexes you will find are simplifications of the diverse reality that is the Philippines.

How many foreigners are living in the Philippines?

  • Around 180.000 foreigners are living in the Philippines, students and tourists are excluded.
  • The largest percentage of foreigners is from the United States.
  • The Philippines is also a popular destination for people from China, Japan, India and Canada.

What important factors help you in choosing for a long stay or emigration to the Philippines?

Why choose the Philippines?

  • In most parts of the Philippines the people are able to speak English. An English speaking local population makes life easier.
  • The Filipino hospitality provides foreigners with a warm welcome and stay.
  • Convenient visa arrangements, where people above 50 are eligible for the Special Residents Retirees Visa (SRRV) of the Philippine Retirement Authorities (PRA) Program.
  • Diversity of the country; with many pristine nature locations.
  • Affordable living.
  • Nearby other easy to reach vacation destinations (For example: Japan, Korea, Hong Kong). It is very affordable to do a city trip on the weekends in one of these countries.

"The best thing about the Philippines is the people. I have never encountered a more optimistic group in all of my life. They help one another when they are in trouble. Families are close. For the most part, the people are not driven by what brands they wear or type of car they drive".

Philippines expat

Factors to not consider living in the Philippines

  • You need a lot of time and patience to get around and to arrange things.
  • Communication is tentatively indirect and with a smile, which can be difficult at times when challenges arise.
  • The temperatures can get really high, in the dry season it can rise up to over 40 degrees Celsius.
  • There is a rainy season with typhoons, during these times it rains a lot and flooding can occur.
  • When residing in Metro Manila, you will have to deal with a lot of traffic (jams).

How do you form an image of the Philippines as a destination for living and working?

Tips for reading

  • Culture Shock! Philippines (Culture Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) written by Alfredo Roces. The book gives a good explanation of the culture shock and what to expect when living in the Philippines.
  • Handbook Philippines written by Niklas Reese and Rainer Werning. This book gives a good oversight of the history and influences on the contemporary Filipino culture.

Tips for watching

  • To get a broader idea of the Filipino life, we recommend watching the BBC documentary: Toughest place to be... (a jeepney driver). An inspiring story about the everyday life of a jeepney driver in Metro Manila.

Orientation on working in the Philippines

How can you orient yourself to work and/or start a business in the Philippines?

  • Salary wise it is advisable to work as an expat in the Philippines, instead of working for under a local contract for a (local) company. The minimum wage in the Philippines in Metro Manila is around 600 php per day, around 13.000 php per month. Office jobs (white collar jobs) pay around 30.000 php per month and managerial functions can pay double or even more.
  • You are required to have a Non-Immigrant Visa for pre-arranged Employment when working in the Philippines. In that case the employer should get the work permit and help you with your Visa Application. 

What are sectors to consider when searching for a job in the Philippines?

  • Nowadays, there are many job opportunities in the Philippines for foreigners, for example in call center industry or the import/export sector.
  • New businesses that are established in those sectors are looking to hire international expats.
  • With this, the demand for bilingual employees is on the rise.
  • The Netherlands is an important trading partner for the Philippines: The Netherlands is a very important (a lot of recent years "the first") export destination for the Philippines in Europe. If you have sufficient knowledge of European & Dutch markets, your job search position will improve!
  • Officially, more than 100 Dutch companies are being represented in the Philippines; probably a lot more via informal ways. Yearly, more and more Dutch companies make plans to start investing in the Philippines.

How is professional recognition and diploma legalisation arranged in the Philippines?

  • Attained professional certifications and diplomas are not automatically valid in the Philippines.
  • Certain professions for example in the fields of nursing and medicine require specific certification by local authorities.
  • Employers may require original or notarized copies of diplomas. Always bring these with you when you travel to the Philippines for work.
  • The application for a work visa and other legal documents is made easier when you bring your official documents and diplomas. A copy or scan will not suffice in most cases.

What are good sources for finding job vacancies in the Philippines?

  • When looking for jobs in the Philippines it is advised to use your personal or other networks (ask around), as it is the easiest and most reliable way to find a job.

What are important factors to consider when applying in the Philippines?

  • Applying for a job is considered a very formal occasion in the Philippines.
  • Looks are important, so always make sure you look professional when going in for an interview.
  • Having a good network is very important as well. Using connections is usually the best way to get an invitation or interview when applying to jobs.
  • If you are looking for a new job, inform as many of your friends, acquaintances, and colleagues of whom you'd think could help with your search for a job in the Philippines.
  • Make sure the employer will take care of- or at least help with your work visa application. Be wary of companies that insist it is your responsibility to take care of the work visa; it is practically impossible to attain a work visa all by yourself.
  • As commuting can be problematic -especially in metro Manila and Cebu- make sure to take the office's location into consideration when applying for jobs.

What are specific CV requirements when applying for jobs in the Philippines?

  • When submitting your CV make sure that all information can be verified. Employers in the Philippines have the tendency to rigorously verify diplomas and references.
  • When submitting a resume the outlook should be professional, make sure your ID-picture is professional as well (a tie is required).
  • Follow international standards in regards to writing your CV, these apply to the Philippine setting as well.

Orientation on starting a business or doing business in the Philippines 

What are sectors to consider when starting a business in the Philippines?

  • Economic prospects are looking good for the Philippines; forecasts show that the Philippine economy eventually will become bigger than their neighbours; Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia.
  • Macro-economic fundamentals are becoming stronger and stronger and the Philippines' business environment is being improved constantly to increase the country's competitiveness.
  • Still; the inequitable distribution of wealth and the low level of social development of large parts of the population are continuous matters of concern.
  • Opportunities abound for investors targeting the following sectors: business process outsourcing, electronics, agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure, and shipbuilding.

What are important factors to consider for start-ups in the Philippines?

  • A lot of factors need to be considered when setting up your own company in the Philippines: What papers and licenses are required, how to find reliable business partners, etc.
  • If you want to do business in the Philippines the first things you need to do is incorporate and register your company.
  • This follows a bureaucratic system that can easily take over a month to complete.
  • Ask for an expert that is experienced with starting up a business in the Philippines, this will reduce a lot of hassle.
  • Social media plays an important role in the Philippines -especially Facebook- it is a good place to market your business.
  • Be wary of excessive fees for accountants, registrations, and other things. Consult others with experience when you are unsure about the appropriateness of fees.
  • When starting up a business it is important to find out what bank is best for you. An international bank might be a good idea.
  • If you need to import goods into the Philippines, check port and airport regulations. The regulations and fees for import in the Philippines differ from other countries.

What company types are most commonly used by foreign companies in the Philippines?

  • Most foreigners have a single-proprietorship or corpated business where 60% of the company is owned by a Filipino passport holder.
  • IT is a popular sector to invest or start up a company. Multinationals rely on the Philippines when it comes to outsourcing customer service. This sector is on the rise due to low wages and high proficiency in English.
  • Retail and catering are also popular sectors in which foreigners are activily doing business in the Philippines.

How do you find reliable business partners in the Philippines?

  • Research who you know in the specific sector you want to become active in.
  • Using your network is another good way to meet people.
  • There are several conferences on international business in the Philippines; here you can find business partners that are looking to cooperate with international businesses.

What compliances are needed in regards to accounting in the Philippines?

  • Accounting requires is a lot of paper work so it is advised to hire an accountant and/or bookkeeper, especially for bigger companies.
  • A local accountant can be a great help as they are aware of how things are done in the Philippines. Foreigners tend to have a harder time as compared to locals. A Filipino helping hand is a great addition to your company.
  • If you decide to incorporate your company you will have to put at least 60% in the name of a Philippine citizen. Make sure that you either fully trust this person or make up a contract that states that they are not allowed to make any decisions in regards to the company. Make sure that you protect yourself from malice and miscommunication, a shareholder agreement can help with this.

How does the sales tax system work in the Philippines?

  • Foreign corporations are only taxable on income derived from sources within the Philippines.
  • Of course, if applicable: Check your individual agreements with e.g. Dutch tax law.
  • A 12% value added tax (VAT) of the gross selling price is imposed to all importation, sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and sale of services.

What are important factors to consider in regards to the contract of employment in the Philippines?

As a business owner you have the option to offer people an agreement or a contract. An agreement is not an official work contract. This lets you pay the expenses of the person you made the agreement with for up to a certain amount of pesos per day. Common examples for this type of agreement are volunteers, interns or parttime helpers. You can pay a certain amount per day for their expenses (meals, transport, etc.), but you have to remember to keep the receipts as proof. 

When offering an official work contract you have to consider a lot more requirements.

  • Your company/organisation has to register with the following institutions:
    • Social Security System (SSS)
      • SSS provides employees with social benefits. Financial contribution is required by the employer as well as the employee.
    • PhilHealth
      • Employers are required to register their staff for PhilHealth so they can provide their employees with Social Health Insurance.
    • Pag-IBIG
      • Employers are required to register their staff for Pag-IBIG so they can provide their employees with financial help for home ownership (mortgage).

General information in regards to employing people:

  • The Philippines has a lot of official non-working holidays. Check your calendar regularly to be up-to-date with these holidays. Always make clear to the staff on what days they are required to work and what days they aren't.
  • When the company has less than 20 employees extra pay for holidays and overtime is not required.
  • Minimum wage is around 500 pesos per day in the North Capital Region (NCR). Other regions have their own rules in regards to minimum wage.
  • When coming up with a contract or agreement you can find specific templates for the Philippines on the internet.
  • General considerations of employment contracts apply to the Philippines as well.
  • For international employees extra factors need to be considered:
    • Visa Arrangements.
    • Arrangement of accommodation.
    • If accommodation is provided what are regulations for spouses.
    • Escape clause in regards to leaving the country.

What are important factors to consider when taking over a company in the Philippines?

  • See above, all requirements should be taken care of.
  • Check outstanding issues or requirements that the company has not been able to follow, so there won't be any issues in the future.

Orientation regarding education in the Philippines

How does the education system work in the Philippines?

The Philippines is following a Kindergarten to Grade 12 program, which covers 13 years of basic education with the following key stages:

  • Kindergarten to Grade 3.
  • Grades 4 to 6.
  • Grades 7 to 10 (Junior High School).
  • Grades 11 and 12 (Senior High School).
  • Tertiary education: after graduating from high school, students are encouraged to go to college or university as most entry level jobs require a college degree. The Philippines has over 1,000 universities and colleges.
  • International schools: In the major cities you can find schools that identify themselves as 'International'. This means classes are taught in English, although primary and high schools are still required to follow the local curriculum. International colleges and universities offer diplomas and curricula from universities in the west (most common are UK and USA). These schools generally offer high quality education. The international schools are very expensive; tuition fees are equal to or sometimes higher than European and American fees.   
  • Dutch, chinese, german or spanish lessons can be arranged with private tutors. 

What should you pay attention to when choosing a school in the Philippines?

  • There is a large diversity of opportunities when arranging education in the Philippines, whether it be for your children or yourself.
  • International schools can be found all over the Philippines, managed by different people with different backgrounds. Check certification and school evaluations as quality between schools can differ significantly.
  • Private schools are available and vary in price; the most expensive schools can ask yearly tuition fees of over 300,000 php. Most colleges that are considered to be of good quality are in a price range of 80,000-200,000 php per year.
  • When choosing a school or college it is very important to look at the school’s reputation. As there are over 1,000 colleges in the Philippines it is important to pick the right school for you. Applying for a job after graduating can be a taxing endeavor but with a degree from University of the Philippines, La Salle, Ateneo, or University of Santa Tomas the process will be much smoother. Some companies only hire student from the well-known schools.
Nepali Culture

Nepali Culture

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The special culture events I have joined during my volunteerwork. 

A majoring party of 2 boys: when the boys are between a age of 5 and 9 they get a majoring party, most of the time with their brothers but sometimes also with sons of friends from their parents. Before the party they have to go through rituals like saving their head. During the party the boys are sitting on a throne like little princes, everybody is come to them to give them presents and congratulate them. The rest of the party means a lot of food, the appetizer was like a main course for me but they expect you to eat a main course as well so I had that as well. You never eat enough in Nepal is what they told me. There is also a dancefloor and the second you step off that dancefloor you stop dancing. Only specific on the dancefloor people dance. The music that they play is not for little boys or older people but modern music for the youth which I think is really special. When we give a party for our younger children we play the music they like.

A wedding party: Wedding’s are so different in Nepal then in the Netherlands (and Europe). The weddings in Nepal take several days. The first day is the engagement which is already special because in Europe the engagement is months before the wedding. After that you have a party for only the woman who is going to get married, for all her friends and relatives. This is where I went. It’s not a small party but really all the people they know are invited. At this party there where around 500 people. The future bride is also sitting on a throne here and she is dressed in red with a lot of golden jewellery. She gets presents from everyone who is coming to the party. The most weirdest was that her husband is not invited to this party. Or actually now that I think about it, in Europe we have a bachelor party but that’s meant to be a party where you say goodbye to your wild life before you get married. The party from the future Nepali wife is actually eating a lot of food and after that you are able to drink and dance. All the Nepali party’s end around 10 o’clock pm! After that everybody goes to bed because they stand up again early (around 4 or 5 o’clock am). After this party (that is supposed to be close to the future wife her parents house) the husband throws a party near his house. The future wife is supposed to be here. The day after that there is one evening where the woman is supposed to cry for at least 3 hours. It’s still not totally clear where that is good for but I believe it’s their way to say goodbye to their life before they get married and to say goodbye to their life at their parents house. After the wedding she is going to live at here husbands house. The day after this they get married and have another party for this. Then she is going to live with the husband for a few days (3 or 4) and after that she is going back to her parents for 1 week I believe and then after that she is going to live with her husband for good.   

 

Ritual after someone’s husband died: Outside the house they offer some food to the gods. When you come inside the house to give your condolence the whole family starts fake crying because when they don’t do that it’s bad look for me. After that you are forced to eat or drink something. The mourning takes 12 days, in this time the wife always wears a white scarf. After the 12 days she has to wear white for 1 whole year. In the 12 days of mourning the wife is not allowed to leave the house and after the 12 days she first has to visit her own fathers house before she does other things outside. The husband who died in this situation was the breadwinner of the family and his wife was not schooled at all. Even for the cremation they had to borrow money. It’s really sad because they have nothing like a life insurance so the family had no money at all. 

Activities abroad: home bundle

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Activities abroad: home page

Activities abroad: home page

From language courses to gap year abroad, from work experience to volunteering abroad, from paid work to internship abroad, from mountaineering to diving and from backpacking to travel around the world

    What social activities can you do abroad?

    • Opportunities are found in the areas of helping, learning or studying. You can get involved to volunteer in a social project at a school in Africa, Asia or Latin America. You can get involved in nature, in a project with animals or cleaning the sea or beaches. Those who want to learn more can choose for example a language course in Latin America, Spain or South Africa.

    What work related activities can you do abroad?

    • If you want to gain work experience, and/or also earn money, go and work abroad. You can combine backpacking in Australia with temporary work. You can work on campsites in Europe or bush camps in Africa. You can pretty much go all over the world to work in the hospitality industry, hotels and hostels, in the healthcare sector or for example at a diving school.

    What sports activities to do abroad?

    • Have you ever thought of mountain biking, rafting (going down a wild river on a raft or rubber dinghy, climbing or canoeing), survival (which involves building rafts, climbing or canoeing), abseiling (descending a rock face while secured to ropes), zip-lining (whizzing down a cable), canyoning (starting at the top of a river and then climbing, swimming, diving down the bed) or caving (scrambling, wriggling and crawling through caves and crevices)?
    • Maybe you feel more comfortable on a bodyboard (on a half-wave surfboard, you surf the high waves lying down-with flippers), on a hang glider or while paragliding (with a parachute you float down a mountain or dune), hydrospeeding (on a bodyboard with flippers and a wetsuit on you go down a wild river via rapids) or Tiefschneeskiing (racing down through powder snow)?

    Check the pages below for more activities and inspiration and where to go and how to arrange it

      Activities Abroad: for work and intern abroad

      Activities Abroad: for work and intern abroad

      Work Abroad, Work Experience Abroad & Intern Abroad

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      Anthropology and understanding another: home bundle

      Anthropology and understanding another: home bundle

      Main content and contributions for anthropology, ethnology and understanding other people and cultures

      Anthropology and ethnology - Theme
      What is cultural anthropology?

      What is cultural anthropology?

      Cultural anthropology dives deeper than tourist experiences. It's a branch of anthropology that delves into the social and cultural practices of human societies across the globe.

      What are the main features of cultural anthropology?

      • Holistic Approach: Cultural anthropology takes a holistic approach, examining a culture's social organization, language, religion, economy, and material culture to understand the whole picture.
      • Ethnography: The primary research method involves ethnography, where anthropologists immerse themselves in a culture for extended periods, observing and participating in daily life.
      • Cultural Relativism: This field promotes cultural relativism, encouraging the understanding of cultures on their own terms, not through the lens of our own.
      • Focus on Meaning: Cultural anthropologists strive to understand the meaning behind cultural practices, beliefs, and customs.

      What are important sub-areas in cultural anthropology?

      • Medical Anthropology: Explores the intersection of culture and health, examining beliefs about illness, healthcare practices, and the cultural impact of diseases.
      • Linguistic Anthropology: Studies the relationship between language, culture, and thought, exploring how language shapes our understanding of the world.
      • Political Anthropology: Examines how power is organized and contested within different cultures, including political systems, leadership structures, and social movements.
      • Economic Anthropology: Studies how cultures produce, distribute, and consume goods and services, analyzing different economic systems and their cultural contexts.
      • Urban Anthropology: Focuses on the study of culture in urban environments, examining social life, community dynamics, and the impact of urbanization.
      • Legal Anthropology: Explores the relationship between law and culture, examining how legal systems are shaped by cultural values and practices.

      What are key concepts in cultural anthropology?

      • Culture: The shared system of beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that shape a group of people's way of life.
      • Ethnocentrism: The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others. Cultural anthropology works against this bias.
      • Social Structure: The way a society is organized, including social hierarchies, kinship systems, and gender roles.
      • Cultural Adaptation: How societies adapt their social and cultural practices to their environment and resources.
      • Cultural Change: The dynamic nature of cultures, constantly evolving due to internal and external factors.

      Who are influential figures in cultural anthropology?

      • Franz Boas: A pioneer in cultural anthropology, Boas emphasized cultural relativism and the importance of studying cultures in their entirety.
      • Margaret Mead: Famous for her studies of gender roles in different cultures, she challenged traditional gender stereotypes.
      • Bronislaw Malinowski: A key figure in developing ethnography, he spent years living amongst islanders in the Pacific, documenting their culture through participant observation.
      • Claude Lévi-Strauss: French anthropologist whose work focused on symbolism and the way cultures create meaning through myths and rituals.
      • Clifford Geertz: Promoted the concept of "thick description," aiming to understand cultural practices from the perspective of the people who participate in them.

      Why is cultural anthropology important?

      • Cross-Cultural Understanding: Cultural anthropology fosters an appreciation for the diversity of human cultures and promotes tolerance and understanding.
      • Challenging Biases: It helps us identify and challenge our own cultural biases and ethnocentrism.
      • Understanding Ourselves: By studying other cultures, we gain a deeper understanding
      .....read more
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      What is ethnology?

      What is ethnology?

      Ethnology, closely linked to cultural anthropology, focuses on the systematic study and comparison of human cultures across the globe. It aims to understand the similarities and differences in social structures, customs, beliefs, and languages. While cultural anthropology often emphasizes fieldwork, ethnology might rely more on existing data and historical records for comparison.

      What are the main features of ethnology?

      • Comparative Approach: Ethnology is known for its comparative approach, analyzing cultural similarities and differences across various societies.
      • Focus on Classification: It often seeks to classify cultures into categories based on shared characteristics, such as social organization, kinship systems, or subsistence strategies.
      • Historical Context: Understanding how cultures have evolved and changed over time is a key aspect of ethnology.
      • Cultural Diffusion: Studying the spread of cultural traits and practices from one society to another is another important theme.

      What are important sub-areas in ethnology?

      • Social Ethnology: Examines the social organization of different cultures, including kinship systems, social stratification, and political systems.
      • Religious Ethnology: Studies the diverse forms of religious beliefs and practices across cultures, exploring their impact on social life and worldview.
      • Economic Ethnology: Analyzes different economic systems and subsistence strategies employed by various societies.
      • Linguistic Ethnology: Explores the relationship between language and culture, examining how language shapes thought and social interaction.
      • Legal Ethnology: Studies the legal systems of different cultures, analyzing how they reflect cultural values and social norms.
      • Technological Ethnology: Examines the development and use of technology across cultures, exploring its impact on societies and material culture.

      What are key concepts in ethnology?

      • Culture: The shared system of beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that shape a group of people's way of life.
      • Social Structure: The way a society is organized, including social hierarchies, kinship systems, and gender roles.
      • Cultural Universals: These are elements found in all or most cultures, such as language, family structures, or religious beliefs.
      • Cultural Variation: The vast diversity of cultural practices and beliefs observed across human societies.
      • Acculturation: The process of cultural change that occurs when two or more cultures come into contact.

      Who are influential figures in ethnology?

      • Edward Tylor: A British anthropologist considered the "father of anthropology." He emphasized the importance of studying cultures in a systematic and comparative way.
      • James Frazer: Scottish anthropologist known for his studies of myths, rituals, and magic across different cultures.
      • George Murdock: American anthropologist who developed a system for cross-cultural comparison based on a large database of ethnographic information.
      • Claude Lévi-Strauss: French anthropologist whose work on symbolism and the way cultures create meaning through myths and rituals is relevant to ethnology as well.

      Why is ethnology important?

      • Comparative Understanding: Ethnology fosters a broader understanding of human cultures by analyzing similarities and differences across societies.
      • Cultural Change & History: Studying cultural change and historical interactions helps us understand how cultures evolve and adapt.
      • Appreciating Diversity: It promotes appreciation for the richness and diversity of human cultures and societies.
      • Social Issues: Ethnological insights can contribute to understanding social issues like ethnicity, migration, and globalization.
      .....read more
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      Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

      Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

      Society and culture: The best textbooks summarized

      Table of contents

      • Summary with the book: Society the basics by Macionis a.o. - 12th edition
      • Summary with the book: Cultural studies: theory and practice by Barker and Jane
      • Summary with the book: The Human Web, a Bird's-eye view of world history by McNeill
      • Summary with the book: A history of the modern world by Palmer
      • Summary with the book: Roman Empire: An introduction by Kamm - 2nd edition
      • Summary with the book: Social Psychology and Organizations by De Cremer a.o. - 1st edition
      • Summary with the book: Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination by Whitley and Kite - 3rd edition
      • Summary with the book: Introducing Sociolinguistics - The relationship between language and society by Mesthrie a.o.
      • Summary with the book: Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives by Hatch and Cunliffe
      • Summary with the book: The Practice of Social Research by Babbie - 15th edition
      • Summary with the book: Critical Thinking: A Concise Guide by Bowell - 5th edition
      • Summary with the book: Philosophy of Science and Logic by Van der Velde - 1st edition
      • Summary with the book: Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction by Okasha - 2nd edition
      • Summary with the book: What is this thing called Science by Chalmers - 4th edition

      About Society and culture

      • Society is the network of people who interact and share a common space, while culture encompasses their shared beliefs, customs, behaviors, and expressions that shape their way of life.
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      SPOTLIGHT NL

      Antropologie en andere culturen begrijpen: startbundel

      Antropologie en andere culturen begrijpen: startbundel

      Blogs en bijdragen over anthropologie en het begrip voor andere culturen

      Samenvattingen: de beste studieboeken voor culturele antropologie samengevat

      Samenvattingen: de beste studieboeken voor culturele antropologie samengevat

      Samenvattingen van de beste studieboeken bij Culturele antropologie

        Waar gaat de pagina over?

        • Inhoud: selectie van samenvattingen van studieboeken over antropologische en etnografische onderwerpen
        • Studiegebieden: Cultuur en conflict, Sociale systemen en machtsstructuren, Vergelijkende antropologie en etnografie, Werken en studeren als antropoloog
        • Taal: Nederlands
        • Toegang: Openbaar, Exclusive

        Waar gaat culturele antropologie over?

        • Culturele antropologie is een tak van de wetenschap die de diversiteit van menselijke culturen bestudeert. Door diepgaand veldonderzoek, vaak met volledige onderdompeling in een samenleving, ontrafelen antropologen de unieke waarden, overtuigingen, sociale structuren en omgangsvormen van verschillende bevolkingsgroepen

        Hoe kan je verder?

        • Lees verder voor de uitgelichte samenvattingen
        • Klik op het onderwerp van je interesse, en gebruik vervolgens de links om naar de samenvattingen te gaan
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        Vergelijkende antropologie en etnografie: De beste studieboeken samengevat

        Vergelijkende antropologie en etnografie: De beste studieboeken samengevat

        Samenvattingen en studiehulp bij Vergelijkende antropologie en etnografie

        Inhoudsopgave

        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Being There van Davis en Konner
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Chanting Down the New Jerusalem van Guadeloupe - 1e druk
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Culture, Health and Illness van Helman - 5e druk
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Iraq at a Distance van Robben Iraq at a Distance van Robben - 1e druk
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology van Eriksen
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: The Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean van Sanabria
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: The Nuer van Evans-Pritchard
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Veiled Sentiments; Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin community van Abu-Lughod
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Wild Religion: Tracking the Sacred in South Africa van Childester

        Over Vergelijkende antropologie en etnografie

        • Vergelijkende antropologie bestudeert overeenkomsten en verschillen tussen culturen door ze te vergelijken in verschillende dimensies, zoals sociale structuur, economie, religie en politiek. Etnografie is een onderzoeksmethode binnen de antropologie die zich richt op het gedetailleerd bestuderen van een specifieke cultuur door middel van langdurige observatie, interviews en participatie. De bevindingen van etnografisch onderzoek worden vaak gebruikt in vergelijkende analyses om bredere patronen en trends te identificeren.
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        Werken en studeren als antropoloog: De beste studieboeken samengevat

        Werken en studeren als antropoloog: De beste studieboeken samengevat

        Samenvattingen en studiehulp bij Werken en studeren als antropoloog

        Inhoudsopgave

        Nederlands:

        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Analysis in qualitative research van Boeije - 1e druk
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Anthropology: A Student's Guide to Theory and Method van Barret
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Cultural Anthropology van Kottak - 1e druk
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology van Eriksen
        • Samenvatting bij het boek: Wat doet een Antropoloog van Strang - 1e druk

        Engels:

        • Summary with the book: cultural studies: theory and practice by Barker and Jane

        Over werken en studeren als antropoloog

        • Werken als antropoloog omvat het bestuderen van menselijke samenlevingen en culturen door diepgaand onderzoek, vaak met volledige onderdompeling in een gemeenschap. De opgedane inzichten worden vervolgens geanalyseerd en gedeeld om een beter begrip te krijgen van de menselijke diversiteit en onszelf en de wereld om ons heen te begrijpen.

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        De Tolerantie Bundel

        De Tolerantie Bundel

        Bijdragen en blogs over tolerantie, democratie en ruimte voor elkaar

        Ga reizen, leer jezelf én een ander kennen

        Ga reizen, leer jezelf én een ander kennen

        Image

        Quote van Eurocommissaris Frans Timmermans, op bezoek bij middelbare scholieren in Bergen op Zoom:

        "Ga reizen, dan leer je jezelf én anderen beter kennen"

        Een uitspraak die ik van harte ondersteun. Natuurlijk is ‘reizen’ niet de enige manier om jezelf of een ander te leren kennen. Maar ik ben er van overtuigd dat een tijdje in het buitenland verblijven als een ‘snelkookpan’ kan werken voor persoonlijke ontwikkeling en een breder of beter begrip voor een ander.

        Onder andere door een tweetal subsidieprogramma’s, Xplore en MillenniumDoen!, heb ik in de praktijk bij ruim 1.500 jongeren (15-25 jaar oud) kunnen zien wat een buitenland ervaring vaak betekent voor iemand groei en wereldbeeld. Daarnaast heeft een Tienertoer, Interrail trip en stages/onderzoeken in Guatemala en Maleisië mijn eigen “wereld”beeld stevig verbreed en verdiept.

        Ik gun iedere jongere, maar ook jong volwassene en volwassene, een tijd in het buitenland waarin zelfstandig kan worden gewerkt aan persoonlijke competenties en interculturele vaardigheden.

        Om in de woorden van Timmermans af te sluiten: “Tijdens het reizen leer je wie je zelf bent. Je leert andere landen, andere mensen kennen. En als je de mensen kent, hoef je er niet meer bang voor te zijn.”

        Deel je ervaringen

        • Welke afwegingen en keuzes heb jij gemaakt rondom het wel of niet een tijdje in het buitenland reizen, werken of studeren?
        • Ben je zelf voor wat langere tijd (langer dan de gemiddelde 'vakantie') in het buitenland geweest? Zo ja, wat heeft het jou met name opgeleverd? Wat waren de voordelen, wat waren de eventuele nadelen?

        Meer lezen

        'Geen beter land dan Nederland!' Of toch niet? Waarom kiezen mensen voor emigratie?

        'Geen beter land dan Nederland!' Of toch niet? Waarom kiezen mensen voor emigratie?

        Image

        Lang niet iedereen die moeite heeft met het feit dat Nederland te volgebouwd raakt, of dat de maatschappij zo sterk is veranderd, of dat het huidige leven niet meer bevalt, kiest voor emigratie. Emigratie is lang niet altijd de "oplossing" voor een gevoel van onvrede met je huidige situatie. Een carrièreswitch, verhuizing binnen Nederland of vrijwilligerswerk waarmee je een maatschappelijke bijdrage levert is voor sommigen voldoende. Toch hakken veel mensen uiteindelijk wel die knoop door en verhuizen voor langere tijd of voorgoed naar het buitenland.

        Onderzoek van EmigratieBeurs (2020) onder ruim 12.000 bezoekers -mensen die zich oriënteren op een lang verblijf in het buitenland- geeft meer inzicht in redenen van vertrek onder deze toekomstige landverlaters.

        • Van de toekomstige emigranten vindt 35% dat Nederland overbevolkt is en zoekt daarom de ruimte in het buitenland. Dit is een stijging van 11% ten opzichte van 2016.
        • Een relatief nieuw motief om te vertrekken zijn de toenemende klimaatregels 4%. 

        Andere belangrijke motieven om te emigreren

        • omdat men gaat genieten van het pensioen 21% (16% in 2016)
        • de slechte mentaliteit in Nederland 19% (23% in 2016)
        • de migrantencrisis 10% (13% in 2016)
        • omdat men een baan zoekt in het buitenland 8% (16% in 2016).

        Minder belangrijke redenen

        • de criminaliteit 3% (5% in 2016)
        • de files 1% (3% in 2016).

        Over het algemeen zijn de meeste emigranten positief en avontuurlijk ingesteld. Ze zijn op zoek naar een betere kwaliteit van leven.

        Aantal emigranten dat jaarlijks vertrekt uit Nederland

        De verwachting is dat de emigratie in 2020 met 5.000 zal stijgen (van 158.000 naar 163.000). De voorspelling is dat deze trend zich zal voortzetten, tot 259.000 emigranten in 2050.

        Overigens moet je met emigratiecijfers altijd voorzichtig zijn; meestal zijn ze gebaseerd op het aantal mensen dat zich heeft uitgeschreven bij de gemeente en het aantal mensen dat zich opnieuw inschrijft in het bevolkingsregister. De hier genoemde aantallen gaan uit van 'emigratie' in een ruime zin des woords: ook de oorspronkelijke buitenlanders, die zich in Nederland vestigden maar weer terugkeren naar het land van herkomst, zijn hier inbegrepen.

        Deel je ervaringen

        • Wat zijn voor jou redenen om voor langere tijd naar het buitenland te vertrekken? Of om juist de beslissing van vertrek nog niet te nemen, een vertrek uit- of af te stellen?
        • Zijn de hoofdredenen van vertrek voor jou ingevuld, nu je eenmaal in het buitenland woont en/of werkt?
        • Hoe kijk je nu terug op die belangrijkste redenen van vertrek uit Nederland, als je eenmaal een periode in het buitenland hebt gewoond?

        Meer lezen

        • Gebruik de keuzehulp van JoHo m.b.t. lang verblijf in het buitenland / emigratie om in te zoomen op jouw redenen en motieven om voor langere tijd naar het buitenland te vertrekken. Je vindt er ook tips om voor jezelf te achterhalen waar dat motief vandaan komt en wat een verhuizing naar het buitenland wel of niet bijdraagt aan je belangrijkste redenen.
        • Je vindt er ook uitgebreid antwoord op vragen als:
          • Wat zijn redenen om voor langere tijd naar het buitenland te gaan?
          • Wat zijn redenen om een lang verblijf in het buitenland (nog even) uit te stellen?
          • Hoeveel Nederlanders vertrekken er jaarlijks voor een lang verblijf in het buitenland?
          • Welke groepen mensen zijn inbegrepen in de jaarlijkse emigratiecijfers?
        Graaf een tunnel naar de andere kant van de wereld

        Graaf een tunnel naar de andere kant van de wereld

        Image

        Ik heb nogal een voorliefde voor alles dat met atlassen en geografische kaarten te maken heeft. Grappige site die ik vond: antipodesmap.com. Een interactieve kaart die je helpt de exacte tegenpool van je huidige locatie (woonplaats, plaats waar je op dit moment bent of juist naar toe wilt, etc.) te berekenen.

        The antipodes of any place on the Earth is the point on the Earth's surface which is diametrically opposite to it. Two points that are antipodal to each other are connected by a straight line running through the centre of the Earth.

        Did you know...

        • The two largest human inhabited antipodal areas are located in East Asia (ChinaMongolia) and South America (Argentina and Chile).
        • The largest antipodal land masses are the Malay Archipelago (IndonesiaPhilippinesNew Guinea), antipodal to the Amazon Basin and adjoining Andean ranges.
        • The Australian mainland is the largest landmass with its antipodes entirely in ocean.
        • The majority of locations on land do not have land-based antipodes.
        • By definition, the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes.
        • There are no non-stop scheduled flights between any two antipodal locations by commercial airline service. A hypothetically perfect antipode flight would be Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport, Morocco to Whangarei Aerodrome, New Zealand (approximately 20000 km flight).
        • Since 11 October 2018, the longest non-stop scheduled airline flight by great circle distance is between Singapore and Newark, New Jersey at 15,344 km.

        Exact or almost exact antipodes cities...

        • Christchurch (New Zealand) — A Coruna (Spain)
        • Madrid (Spain) — Weber (New Zealand)
        • Wellington (New Zealand) — Alaejos (Spain)
        • Hong Kong (China) — La Quiaca (Argentina)
        • Nelson (New Zealand) — Mogadouro (Portugal)
        • Whangarei (New Zealand) — Tangier (Morocco)
        • Tauranga (New Zealand) — Jaen (Spain)
        • Hamilton (New Zealand) — Cordoba (Spain)
        • Junin (Argentina) — Lianyungang (China)
        • Ulan Ude (Russia) — Puerto Natales (Chile)
        • Masterton (New Zealand) — Segovia (Spain)
        • Palembang (Indonesia) — Neiva (Colombia)
        • Wuhai (China) — Valdivia (Chile)
        • Padang (Indonesia) — Esmeraldas (Ecuador)
        • Rafaela (Argentina) — Wuhu (China)
        • Galvez (Argentina) — Nanjing (China)
        • Antipodes Island (New Zealand) — Gatteville-le-Phare (France)
        Het verbod van een politieke partij: een anomalie in een democratie? - Artikel

        Het verbod van een politieke partij: een anomalie in een democratie? - Artikel

        Inleiding

        De democratie moet zich steeds meer verdedigen tegen haar vijanden. In Europa is op dit moment de ontwikkeling gaande dat er een opkomst is van rechts-populistische partijen enerzijds en moslimfundamentalisten anderzijds. Deze opkomst dwingt regeringen ertoe na te denken over de vraag hoe om te gaan met extremistische organisaties en bewegingen wier gedachtegoed of ideologie haaks staat op de uitgangspunten van democratische rechtsstaten.

        Er gaan steeds meer discussies spelen in Nederland, over of salafistische organisaties wel thuis horen in de democratische samenleving, en over of het verkiezingsprogramma van de PVV wel door de beugel kan in onze democratische rechtsstaat. Zowel vanuit de politiek als uit de samenleving komt veel kritiek op de PVV. De PVV is voor een meer directe democratie. Zo willen zij een bindend referendum, waardoor burgers meer macht krijgen. Echter hebben zij ook programmapunten die indruisen tegen de fundamentele bepalingen in onze Grondwet. De PVV wordt hierdoor gezien als een anti-rechtsstatelijke partij.

        Indien de PVV aan de macht komt, is er sprake van een anti-rechtsstatelijke partij die democratisch aan de macht komt. Dit kan leiden tot grote spanningen tussen de rechtsstaat enerzijds en de democratie anderzijds.

        Politieke filosofie: rechtvaardiging van een partijverbod

        Kan het gerechtvaardigd worden dat een politieke partij die op democratische wijze zetels heeft gekregen wordt uitgesloten van het democratisch proces?

        Er zijn drie democratie-opvattingen te onderscheiden:

        • De formele democratie-opvatting: Volgens deze opvatting is de democratie slechts de procedure van besluitvorming waarin de verkozen meerderheid beslist, ongeacht de inhoud van het besluit.
        • Democratie als zelfcorrectie: Volgens deze opvatting kunnen democratisch tot stand gekomen besluiten door nieuwe politieke meerderheden weer ongedaan worden gemaakt of gecorrigeerd. De democratie is een open proces, waarbij de inrichting van de staat altijd openstaat voor verandering.
        • De materiële-democratieopvatting: De democratie is volgens deze opvatting inherent verbonden met bepaalde rechtsstatelijke waarden zoals vrijheid en gelijkheid.

        Volgens deze laatste opvatting zou het problematisch zijn wanneer een partij als de PVV aan de macht zou komen, wegens de rechtsstatelijke waarden die dan in het geding zullen raken. Deze opvatting levert de grootste verbodsgrond op. Een grote kritiek op aanhangers van de materiële leer is dat zij de democratie en rechtsstaat door elkaar halen. Daarnaast zien zij vrijheid en gelijkheid als absolute waarden, maar dit kunnen zij niet hard maken tegenover hun tegenstanders, tenzij zij een beroep zouden doen op het natuurrecht. Dit blijkt echter allang achterhaald te zijn.

        Of een verbod van een politieke partij gerechtvaardigd kan worden in het licht van de democratie hangt er dus vanaf welke definitie van democratie wordt aangehangen. Om dit makkelijker te maken, zou dus een verbodsgrond geconstrueerd moeten worden die niet afhankelijk is

        .....read more
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        Hoe gedraag je je respectvol op reis?

        Hoe gedraag je je respectvol op reis?

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        Respect hebben naar je omgeving. Er zullen weinig reizigers zijn die hier niet achter staan. Toch is je hiernaar gedragen lastiger dan het lijkt. Thuis weet je wat de geschreven en ongeschreven regels zijn en zul je je vaak, onbewust, hiernaar gedragen. Je bent daar immers mee opgegroeid. In een ander land kun je hier niet altijd op terugvallen en zul je je moeten aanpassen aan de lokale gebruiken. Hoe kun je als reiziger ervoor zorgen dat je je toch respectvol gedraagt op reis?

        Verdiep je in de lokale cultuur

        Probeer de cultuur te leren kennen voordat je op reis gaat zodat je rekening kunt houden met de lokale gebruiken. Elke cultuur heeft een eigen identiteit met eigen rituelen, handelingen en gewoonten. Of je het nu eens bent met de regels en opvattingen van een cultuur of niet, je zult er rekening mee moeten houden dat er per cultuur verschillend gedacht wordt over wat acceptabel gedrag is en wat niet. Zoek van te voren bijvoorbeeld wat informatie op over:

        • De grootste problemen in een land waar het toerisme invloed op heeft. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan vernietiging van natuurgebieden, watertekort of uitbuiting. Probeer te voorkomen dat je deze problemen erger maakt. 
        • De lokale wetten. Niet alleen vermijd je zo problemen maar je respecteert ook de lokale cultuur. Het is nu eenmaal zo dat de wetten van het land waar je naar toe gaat gelden en niet die van je eigen land.
        • De gedragsregels van het betreffende land. Dit kun je vaak online vinden of via reisgidsen.

        Bedenk van te voren dat locals ook geïnteresseerd zijn in jouw cultuur. Neem bijvoorbeeld wat foto's mee om te laten zien en neem als je bij locals overnacht een paar kleine cadeautjes mee!

        Kijk naar jezelf

        Wees je bewust van je positie als reiziger en je eigen overtuigingen van een bepaald land. Ook al lijkt het alsof iedereen om je heen de verste reizen maakt, reizen is een privilege dat voorbehouden is aan een klein deel van de wereldbevolking. Zeker op de meer toeristische plekken heeft de lokale omgeving zich vaak al aangepast aan (westerse) reizigers waardoor de plaatselijke cultuur en dingen die daar spelen soms moeilijk te zien zijn. Dat betekent niet dat jij als reiziger daar buiten staat, je bent nog steeds te gast in een ander land.

        Ook heb je, door de media of verhalen van anderen, vaak een eenzijdig beeld van een land. Als je een land bezoekt kun je je daar naar gaan gedragen. Bij Afrika is dat beeld bijvoorbeeld dat het een arm, onderontwikkeld continent is waar jij als rijke westerling kan helpen. Om respectvol om te gaan met de lokale bevolking is het daarom belangrijk om je bewust te zijn van je eigen overtuigingen en met een open blik het contact aan te gaan. Je kunt veel van ze leren.

        Leer de lokale gedragscodes

        Zoek van te voren uit hoe je je hoort te kleden in de plaatselijke cultuur. Vooral voor vrouwen gelden vaak strengere (culturele) gedragsnormen. Kijk daarom goed wat de bevolking zelf draagt. Lopen de vrouwen bijvoorbeeld in korte rokjes, dan kan jij dit ook doen. In een land waar de vrouwen allemaal gesluierd lopen, is het weer niet verstandig om in je korte broek en topje over straat te gaan.

        Behalve de kledingcodes, is het ook verstandig om de bestaande gedragscodes in de gaten te houden. In landen als bijvoorbeeld Pakistan is het contact tussen mannen en vrouwen aan strenge regels gebonden en kunnen sommige gebaren heel anders worden opgevat. 

        Zoek van te voren goed uit wat de houding is van de regering en de bevolking tegenover alcohol, en houdt je dan ook aan de lokale gebruiken. Ook roken is een punt van aandacht. De tabakindustrie probeert in veel ontwikkelingslanden het beeld te schetsen dat roken bij een rijke levensstijl hoort en het feit dat roken longkanker veroorzaakt wordt vaak verzwegen. Als je als “rijke” westerling gaat staan roken, bevestig je alleen maar dit beeld. Verder kunnen onderwerpen als homoseksualiteit, maar ook de lokale politieke situatie gevoelig liggen.

        Wees voorzichtig met het maken van foto's van mensen. In sommige culturen is dit ongebruikelijk en veroorzaak je een probleem (bijv. door bijgeloof). Soms wordt ook geld gevraagd voor een foto of het maken van foto's, probeer daar een beetje soepel mee om te gaan. Over het algemeen geldt dat het het beste is om eerst even vragen of je een foto mag maken. In bijvoorbeeld veel Afrikaanse landen wordt het op toeristische plekken niet gewaardeerd, terwijl men het in kleinere dorpjes juist ontzettend leuk vindt.

        Ga bewust om met geld

        Wees netjes bij het afdingen. Ook al dingt de lokale bevolking veel meer af dan jij en lijkt het dus alsof jij veel te veel betaalt, bedenk dat zij ook veel minder te besteden hebben. Met het geld dat jij “te veel” betaalt, kan dat ene huishouden waarschijnlijk een hele tijd eten. 

        Probeer je geld zoveel mogelijk lokaal te besteden. Ga eens uit eten bij een restaurant dat lokale producten inkoopt, doe je boodschappen zoveel mogelijk bij de kleine, lokale winkels, boek een lokale rondreis of excursie en in plaats van te overnachten in grote hotels, ga naar een lokale bed & breakfast. Geef ook een fooi als je bij een lokaal restaurant gegeten hebt of als het kamermeisje je kamer schoongemaakt heeft.

        Probeer gebruik te maken van de diensten van de lokale bevolking. Sta bijvoorbeeld toe als iemand aanbiedt om je tassen te dragen en betaal ervoor (wat lokaal gebruikelijk is, of net een klein beetje meer). Hetzelfde geldt voor riksjas en tuktuks.

        Het geven van geld aan bedelaars is een lastig punt. In sommige landen wordt het afgekeurd, terwijl het in andere landen weer gebruikelijk is om wat aan bedelaars te geven, bijvoorbeeld omdat het vorm van sociale voorziening is. Over het algemeen is een makkelijke regel: daar waar de lokale bevolking bedelaars steunt, kan je ook dezelfde bedragen geven. In plaats van geld te geven aan bedelaars kun je er ook voor kiezen om geld te doneren aan een lokaal goed doel. Als je toch liever direct wat geeft, geef dan bijvoorbeeld een handdoek of eten.

        Meer lezen

        Respectvol op reis

        Respectvol op reis

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        Dat rekening houden met de lokale cultuur en omgeving belangrijk is zal elke reiziger beamen. Toch kan het gebeuren dat je, bewust of onbewust, lokale normen of gedragscodes overtreedt, wat tot vervelende situaties kan leiden. Als reiziger heb ik bijvoorbeeld meegemaakt dat medreizigers ruzie kregen met de plaatselijke bevolking om geld, of zelfs in aanraking kwamen met politie door zich niet aan de regels te houden. Ik denk dat een goede voorbereiding daarbij veel kan schelen. In deze bundel heb ik daarom wat tips en leesmateriaal verzameld.

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        Samenvatting Democratie in Europe

        Samenvatting Democratie in Europe

        2. De Europese unie en nationale instituties

        Nationale leiders nemen een stelling in met betrekking tot het debat over het toekomstige ontwerp van de EU. Deze aanvankelijke stellingen zijn diep geprojecteerd op traditionele visies op de nationale democratie in de EU. Het Duitse voorstel dat gelanceerd werd in het debat was bijzonder federalistisch. Een Europese federatie die bestaat uit een tweede kamer met bevoegdheden zoals die van de Duitse Bundesrat, en een Europese Grondwetgevende Verdrag zoals de Duitse grondwet die op EU-niveau competenties uit zou zetten terwijl de rest werd overgelaten aan de overige lidstaten.

        Het Franse tegenvoorstel was meer een intergouvermentele, waarbij meerdere overheden betrokken bij zijn.

        De EU komt het dichtste bij een quasi federaal systeem dat verticaal wordt gekarakteriseerd door verschillende divisies van macht, verdeelt tussen supranationale en nationale niveaus en horizontaal door een dynamische verwarring van krachten tussen executieve, wetgevende macht en rechtelijke macht.

         

        De structuur van het quasi federaal systeem

        Voor de algemene beschouwer lijken de basis structuren van de EU op een typisch federaal systeem op basis van de verdeling van macht tussen de centrale en lagere niveaus en de verdeling van het uitvoerende, wetgevende en rechtelijke macht. Van dichtbij bekeken, blijkt dat de EU niet bepaald past in een traditioneel model van overheid. De juridische macht en de beslissingen hiervan zijn het middelpunt van de wet voor elke inwoner van een land, zoals in een federale staat. Alleen in de EU zijn de samengestelde leden compleet in controle over de juridische macht, zowel in erkenningsvoorwaarden en in uitvoering. Vanaf het ontstaan van de internationale structuren van de EU is het een probleem om hier een goede definitie aan te geven. Vooral om de verschillende opvattingen over wat de EU is en wat het moet worden. Federalisten van het eerste uur begrijpen dat een federale visie een bedreiging is voor nationale leiders. De EU ontwikkelde zich zonder een duidelijke set van ideeën of redenen over wat het is of hoe het moet zijn. Er werd enkel gekeken hoe het in stand werd gehouden. Dit was een uitnodiging voor leiders van de verschillende landen om hun eigen nationale visies te projecten op de EU. Op deze manier konden ze de Europese integratie promoten zonder te hoeven nadenken over de impact van de EU op de nationale structuren.

        De eerste moeilijkheid is dan ook om een definitie te geven van de overheidsstructuren van de EU. Deze structuren conformeren nog een traditionele eenheidsstaat, nog een federale staat.

         

        Federalisme is een systeem met een formeel opgerichte, verticale verdeling van de macht. De centrale raad van bestuur betrekt subnationale eenheden in haar besluit. De procedures zijn verankerd in.....read more

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        SPOTLIGHT & FAVORITES

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        What is spirituality?

        Spirituality delves deeper than religious doctrines. It's the academic exploration of the vast human experience of seeking meaning, connection, and something beyond ourselves. Here's a breakdown of its key aspects: What are the main features of spirituality?

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