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Social psychology and social relations

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social psychology: summaries, study assistance, internships and activities abroad

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What is social psychology?

  • Social psychology is the branch of psychology that seeks to scientifically explain the nature and causes of behavior and thoughts of individuals in social situations.
  • Social psychology applies scientific values and methods when investigating. This is because social behaviors and thoughts cannot be reliably explained by common sense or intuition. In fact, these are influenced by biases. Science refers to a set of values and multiple methods that can be used to investigate a wide range of topics. Four of the most important core values are:
    • Accuracy ("accuracy"). A commitment to gathering and evaluating information about the world (including social behavior and thinking) in a way that is as careful, accurate and error-free as possible.
    • Objectivity ('objectivity'). A commitment to acquire and evaluate such information in a way that is free of bias and as humane as possible.
    • Skepticism ('skepticism'). A commitment to accepting findings as accurate only if they have been repeatedly verified.
    • Open-mindedness ('open-mindedness'). A commitment to changing your view, even if it is strongly held, if existing evidence suggests that this view is inaccurate.
  • These values are important because humans are not perfect information processing machines. For example, a common fallacy or illusion is the planning fallacy, the strong tendency to believe that plans will take less time, than they actually do.

Social psychology focuses on the behavior of individuals

  • Social psychology focuses on the behavior of individuals, and how this behavior is influenced by a variety of factors. For example, it is important to look at to what extent individual behavior is influenced by the group, by culture, and by emotions and mood. There is increasing attention to how factors such as culture and ethnicity affect the formation of individual behavior.

Social psychology seeks to understand the causes of social behavior

  • Social psychologists - as also indicated above - are interested in the causes that influence the individual's social behavior and thinking in the social environment.
  • This involves the following characteristics: actions and characteristics of other individuals; cognitive processes such as memories and interpretations; environmental variables such as the weather or a particular smell; the cultural context with its associated norms and values; and finally biological and genetic factors.
  • Biological factors are particularly emphasized by psychologists engaged in evolutionary psychology, a branch of psychology that holds that species are subjects of biological evolution. Interesting here is the distinction between the effects evolution has on men and

The search for basic principles in a changing social world

  • A core purpose of science is to develop basic principles that are accurate no matter where or when they are tested or applied. Social psychologists do not develop mathematical formulas, but seek the basic principles that guide social life. While recognizing that cultures are very different and that the social world is constantly changing, they look for basic principles that will hold true over time and across cultures.

 

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Social psychology and social relations: The best textbooks summarized

Social psychology and social relations: The best textbooks summarized

Summaries and Study Assistance with Social psychology and social relations

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  • Summary with the book: An Introduction to Social Psychology by Hewstone a.o. - 7th edition
  • Summary with the book: Applied Social Psychology: Understanding and Managing Social Problems by Steg a.o. - 2nd edition
  • Summary with the book: Applying Social Psychology: From Problems to Solutions by Buunk a.o. - 3rd edition
  • Summary with the book: Cultural Psychology by Heine - 4th edition
  • Summary with the book: Getting to yes: negotiating an agreement without giving in by Fisher a.o. - 3rd edition
  • Summary with the book: Group Dynamics by Forsyth - 7th edition
  • Summary with the book: Influence: Science and Practice by Cialdini - 5th edition
  • Summary with the book: Lord of the Flies by Golding - 1st edition
  • Summary with the book: Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination by Whitley and Kite - 3rd edition
  • Summary with the book: Sensation and Perception by Yantis and Abrams - 2nd edition
  • Summary with the book: Self-determination theory and work motivation by Gagne
  • Summary with the book: Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture by Fiske and Taylor - 4th edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology by Baron and Branscombe - 14th edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology by Heinzen and Goodfriend - 2nd edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology by Hogg and Vaughan - 9th edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology by Kassin - 11th edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology by Smith a.o. - 4th edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology and Organizations by De Cremer a.o. - 1st edition
  • Summary with the book: Social Psychology: People in Groups
  • Summary with the book: The Practice of Social Research by Babbie - 15th edition
  • Summary with the book: The Psychology of Advertising by Fennis and Stroebe - 3rd edition
  • Summary with the book: Values and how do people react to them by Latham
  • Summary with the book: Youth studies: An introduction by Furlong

About Social psychology and social relations

  • Social psychology delves into how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social contexts and interactions. Social relations encompass the dynamic connections and interactions between people, shaping relationships, group dynamics, and broader societal structures.
Summaries and supporting content: 
Summaries per chapter with the 7th edition of An Introduction to Social Psychology by Hewstone et al.
Summary of Applied Social Psychology: Understanding and Managing Social Problems by Steg a.o. - 2nd edition - Exclusive
Summary of Applying Social Psychology: From Problems to Solutions by Buunk a.o. - 3rd edition - Exclusive
Summary of Cultural Psychology by Heine - 4th edition- Exclusive
Summary of Getting to yes: negotiating an agreement without giving in by Fisher a.o. - 3rd edition - Exclusive
Summary of Group Dynamics by Forsyth - 7th edition
Summary of Influence: Science and Practice by Cialdini - 5th edition - Exclusive
Summary of Lord of the Flies by Golding - per chapter of 1st edition
Summary of Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination by Whitley and Kite - 3rd edition - Exclusive
Summary of Sensation and Perception by Yantis and Abrams - 2nd edition - Exclusive
Summary Self-determination theory and work motivation
Summary of Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture by Fiske and Taylor - 4th edition - Exclusive
Summary with Social Psychology - Baron and Branscombe - 14th edition
Summary of Social Psychology by Heinzen and Goodfriend - 2nd edition - Exclusive
Summary of Social Psychology by Hogg and Vaughan - 9th edition
Summary of Social Psychology by Kassin - 11th edition
Summary of Social Psychology by Smith a.o. - 4th edition - Exclusive
Summary with the 1st edition of Social Psychology and Organizations by De Cremer a.o.
Summaries with Social Psychology: People in Groups (EUR)
Summary with the 15th edition of The Practice of Social Research by Babbie - Exclusive
Summary of The Psychology of Advertising by Fennis and Stroebe - 3rd edition - Exclusive
Summary on Values and how do people react to them - Latham - 2012
Summary Youth studies: An introduction by Furlong
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Social psychology: the best scientific articles summarized

Social psychology: the best scientific articles summarized

Study guide with articles for Social psychology

Summaries and study assistance with articles for Social psychology

  • for 100+ summaries with articles for Social psychology
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Study Guide with articles for Conflict management and mediation
Study Guide with articles for Group behavior and cooperation
Study Guide with articles for Leadership and power
Samenvattingen bij de voorgeschreven artikelen van Cultural diversity (UU) 21/22
Study Guide with article summaries for Migrants and Integration at the University of Utrecht
Artikelsamenvatting bij The shooter bias: Replicating the classic effect and introducing a novel paradigm van Essien e.a. - 2017
Artikelsamenvatting bij Facing differences with an open mind van Homan e.a. - 2008
Artikelsamenvatting bij Interactions in organizational change van Yukl - 2004
Artikelsamenvatting bij Cultural diversity in center-based childcare: Childrearing beliefs of professional caregivers from different cultural communities in the Netherlands van Huijbregts e.a. - 2006
Artikelsamenvatting bij Importing mosque pedagogy from Turkey: an analysis of contextual factors shaping re-contextualisation processes in the Netherlands van Altinyelken & Sözeri - 2018
Artikelsamenvatting bij Wederzijds respect: socialisatie en lastig gedrag van Marokkaanse jongens van Pels - 2014
Artikelsamenvatting bij Parental Influence on Radicalization and De-radicalization according to the Lived Experiences of Former Extremists and their Families van Sikkens e.a. - 2017 - Exclusive
Artikelsamenvatting bij Economic Theory and International Migration van Borjas van 1989
Artikelsamenvatting bij Educational Selectivity in U.S. Immigration: How Do Immigrants Compare To Those Left Behind? van Feliciona - 2005
Artikelsamenvatting bij Migration to European Countries van Hooghe e.a. - 2008
Artikelsamenvatting bij Social capital and the Dynamics of Temporary Labour Migration from Poland to Germany van Kalter - 2011
Artikelsamenvatting bij A Theory of Migration van Lee - 1966
Artikelsamenvatting bij Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal van Massey e.a. - 1993
Artikelsamenvatting bij Gezin en Grens van Bonjour - 2007
Artikelsamenvatting bij Why Migration Policies Fail van Castles - 2004
Artikelsamenvatting bij Citizenship Rights for Immigrants van Koopmans e.a. - 2012
Artikelsamenvatting bij Naturalisatietoetsen en Concepten van Staat en Natie van Michalowski - 2010
Artikelsamenvatting bij Unequal Access to Foreign Spaces van Neumayer - 2006
Artikelsamenvatting bij From Ethnic Minorities to Ethnic Majority Policy van Vasta - 2007
Artikelsamenvatting bij De arbeidsmarktpositie vergeleken van Huijnk - 2012
Artikelsamenvatting bij Dichter bij elkaar? De sociaal-culturele positie van niet-westerse migranten in Nederland van Huijnk & Dagevos - 2012
Artikelsamenvatting bij The economic incorporation of immigrants in 18 Western societies: origin, destination and community effects van Van Tubergen e.a. - 2004
Artikelsamenvatting bij Human Smuggling as a Transnational Service Industry Evidence from Austria van Bilger e.a. - 2006
Artikelsamenvatting bij Controlling ‘Unwanted’ Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993-2004 van Cornelius - 2005
Artikelsamenvatting bij The economics of human trafficking and labour migration: Micro-evidence from Eastern Europe van Mahmoud & Trebesch - 2010
Artikelsamenvatting bij Segmented assimilation in the Netherlands? Young migrants and early school leaving van de Graaf & van Zenderen - 2009
Artikelsamenvatting bij Dreams fulfilled, dreams shattered: Determinants of segmented assimilation in the second generation van Haller e.a. - 2011
Artikelsamenvatting bij Segmented Assimilation van Zhou - 1993
Artikelsamenvatting bij Trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation van Smit - 2011
Artikelsamenvatting bij Trafficking and human smuggling van Salt - 2000
Artikelsamenvatting bij Ethnic Competition and Opposition to Ethnic Intermarriage in the Netherlands van Tolsma e.a. - 2007
Artikelsamenvatting bij To Identify or Not To Identify? van Jasinskaja-Lahti e.a. - 2009
Artikelsamenvatting bij The immigration dilemma van Esses e.a. - 2001
Artikelsamenvatting bij Op achterstand van Andriessen e.a. - 2012
Artikelsamenvatting bij Migrant's Agency in the Smuggling Process van Van Liempt & Doomernik - 2006
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What is normative social influence?

Normative social influence describes the pressure to conform to the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of a group in order to gain acceptance and avoid rejection. It's a powerful force that shapes our actions and decisions, often without us even realizing it.

What are the main features of normative social influence?

  • Focus on Acceptance: We conform to gain social approval and avoid disapproval from the group.
  • Informational Influence: We may also conform because we believe the group has better information about a situation.
  • Public vs. Private Behavior: Conformity often applies to public behavior, while private beliefs may differ.
  • Unanimity Matters: The pressure to conform increases as the group becomes more unified and the dissenter feels more isolated.

Why is normative social influence important?

  • Social Harmony: Normative social influence helps maintain order and cooperation within groups.
  • Learning Social Norms: Through conformity, we learn the expected behaviors within a particular
.........Read more
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What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

Cognitive dissonance theory, proposed by Leon Festinger in 1957, explains the mental discomfort we experience when holding two contradictory beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. This dissonance motivates us to change something to achieve consistency and reduce the discomfort.

What are the main features of the cognitive dissonance theory?

  • Mental Discomfort: Dissonance creates a state of tension or unease that motivates us to seek resolution.
  • Magnitude Matters: The greater the inconsistency, the stronger the dissonance and the motivation to reduce it.
  • Justification and Change: We can reduce dissonance by justifying our actions (e.g., rationalization), changing our beliefs (e.g., learning new information), or minimizing the importance of the inconsistency.
  • Selective Exposure: We may avoid information that reinforces the dissonance and seek out information that supports our existing beliefs.

Why is the cognitive dissonance theory important?

  • Understanding Behavior: Cognitive dissonance theory helps explain why people sometimes change their behavior or beliefs
.........Read more
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What is social comparison?

Social comparison is a fundamental human process where we evaluate ourselves by comparing our abilities, attitudes, and possessions with others. It's a way to gauge our own standing in the social world.

What are the main features of social comparison?

  • Two Directions: We can compare ourselves upwards to those we perceive as better than us, or downwards to those we perceive as worse off.
  • Motivational Tool: Social comparison can motivate us to improve ourselves (upward comparison) or to feel better about ourselves (downward comparison).
  • Self-Esteem: Both upward and downward comparisons can influence our self-esteem, depending on the outcome.
  • Influenced by Context: The specific context and what's being compared (looks, intelligence, social status) can significantly impact the outcome.

Why is social comparison important?

  • Self-Evaluation: Social comparison helps us define who we are and how we fit in with others.
  • Social Learning: By observing others, we can learn new
.........Read more
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What is the primacy effect?

The primacy effect is a cognitive bias that describes our tendency to remember information presented at the beginning of a list or sequence better than information presented later. It's like our brains give more weight to the first things we encounter.

What are the main features of the primacy effect?

  • Focus on First Impressions: We prioritize and encode the initial information more deeply.
  • Serial Position Effect: The primacy effect is strongest for the first few items, with memory for later items progressively declining.
  • Decay over Time: The strength of the primacy effect weakens as the time between exposure and recall increases.
  • Limited Capacity of Short-Term Memory: Our short-term memory has limited slots, and the first items fill them up first, potentially pushing out later information.

Why is the primacy effect important?

  • Understanding Memory: The primacy effect helps explain how we process and retain information, especially in situations
.........Read more
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What is priming?

Priming refers to a subtle influence on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors triggered by exposure to a specific stimulus. This stimulus can be a word, image, sound, or even a physical sensation.

What are the main features of priming?

  • Unconscious: We're not consciously aware of being primed.
  • Automatic: Priming activates pre-existing associations in our minds.
  • Context-dependent: The effectiveness of priming depends on the context in which the stimulus is presented.
  • Short-lived: Priming effects typically last for a brief period after exposure.

Why is priming important?

  • Understanding Behavior: Priming helps explain how seemingly insignificant cues can influence our decisions and actions.
  • Marketing and Advertising: Marketers use priming to subtly influence consumer preferences and buying behavior.
  • Social Interaction: Priming can subtly influence how we perceive and interact with others.

What are applications of priming in practice?

  • Subliminal messaging: (This is a controversial practice with limited evidence for
.........Read more
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Wat zijn mentale schema's?

Mentale schema's, ook wel cognitieve schema's genoemd, zijn mentale representaties van onze kennis over de wereld. Ze dienen als mentale structuren die ons helpen om informatie te organiseren, te interpreteren en te begrijpen.

Wat zijn de belangrijkste kenmerken van mentale schema's?

  • Abstract: Schema's zijn abstracte representaties van concepten, categorieën, en patronen.
  • Gebaseerd op ervaring: Ze worden gevormd door onze ervaringen, leren en interacties met de wereld om ons heen.
  • Dynamisch: Schema's zijn niet statisch, maar kunnen in de loop van de tijd veranderen en zich aanpassen aan nieuwe informatie.
  • Beïnvloeden perceptie: Schema's beïnvloeden hoe we informatie waarnemen en interpreteren, waardoor we soms dingen zien die er niet zijn of details missen.

Waarom zijn mentale schema's belangrijk?

  • Organisatie van kennis: Schema's helpen ons om de enorme hoeveelheid informatie die we elke dag tegenkomen te ordenen en te structureren.
  • Begrijpen van de wereld: Door informatie te koppelen aan bestaande
.........Read more
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Wat is een externe locus of control?

Een externe locus of control, ook wel extern gerichte controle genoemd, is de overtuiging dat externe factoren, zoals geluk, toeval, lot of andere mensen, de belangrijkste bepalers zijn van je leven. Mensen met een sterke externe locus of control geloven dat ze minder controle hebben over de uitkomsten in hun leven.

Wat zijn de belangrijkste kenmerken van een externe locus of control?

  • Gebrek aan verantwoordelijkheid: Ze geven anderen of omstandigheden de schuld van hun successen en mislukkingen.
  • Vermijden van uitdagingen: Ze vermijden uitdagingen uit angst voor mislukking, omdat ze geloven dat ze de uitkomst toch niet kunnen beïnvloeden.
  • Gebrek aan motivatie: Ze zijn minder gemotiveerd om doelen te bereiken, omdat ze geloven dat hun inspanningen weinig effect hebben.
  • Pessimistisch: Ze hebben een pessimistische kijk op het leven en geloven dat ze hun lot niet in eigen hand hebben.

Waarom is een externe locus of control belangrijk?

  • Mentale
.........Read more
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Wat is een interne locus of control?

Een interne locus of control, ook wel intern gerichte controle genoemd, is de overtuiging dat je zelf verantwoordelijk bent voor je eigen lot in het leven. Mensen met een sterke interne locus of control geloven dat hun acties, inspanningen en keuzes de uitkomsten van hun leven bepalen.

Wat zijn de belangrijkste kenmerken van een interne locus of control?

  • Verantwoordelijkheid nemen: Ze nemen verantwoordelijkheid voor hun successen en mislukkingen, en leren van hun fouten.
  • Uitdagingen aangaan: Ze zien uitdagingen als kansen om te leren en te groeien.
  • Doelgericht: Ze stellen doelen en zetten zich in om deze te bereiken.
  • Optimistisch: Ze geloven dat ze hun leven kunnen verbeteren door hun eigen inspanningen.

Waarom is een interne locus of control belangrijk?

  • Mentale gezondheid: Mensen met een interne locus of control hebben doorgaans een beter gevoel van eigenwaarde, minder stress en angst, en gaan beter om met tegenslagen.
  • Motivatie:
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Wat is de piramide van Maslov?

De piramide van Maslow, ook wel behoeftehiërarchie genoemd, is een theorie van de Amerikaanse psycholoog Abraham Maslow die menselijke behoeften beschrijft en rangschikt. De theorie stelt dat mensen gemotiveerd worden door onvervulde behoeften, en dat deze behoeften in een hiërarchische volgorde staan.

Wat zijn de belangrijkste kenmerken van de piramide van Maslov?

  • Vijf niveaus: De piramide bestaat uit vijf niveaus van behoeften, van de meest basale tot de meest complexe.
  • Hiërarchische structuur: Hogere behoeften komen pas in beeld als de lagere behoeften bevredigd zijn.
  • Motivatie: Onvervulde behoeften creëren spanning die ons motiveert om actie te ondernemen om ze te bevredigen.

Waarom is de piramide van Maslov belangrijk?

  • Begrijpen van menselijk gedrag: De piramide van Maslow biedt een kader voor het begrijpen wat mensen motiveert en drijft.
  • Marketing en reclame: Bedrijven kunnen de piramide gebruiken om hun producten en diensten af te stemmen op de behoeften van verschillende
.........Read more
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Wat is fysiologische arousal?

Fysiologische arousal, ook wel opwinding of activatie genoemd, verwijst naar de activatietoestand van ons centrale zenuwstelsel. Het is alsof ons lichaam op een waarschuwingssignaal reageert, wat zich uit in fysieke en mentale veranderingen.

Wat zijn de belangrijkste kenmerken van fysiologische arousal?

  • Lichamelijke reacties: Verhoogde hartslag, ademhaling, spierspanning, transpiratie en pupildilatatie.
  • Mentale veranderingen: Toegenomen alertheid, concentratievermogen, en snellere reactietijd.
  • Niveau: Kan variëren van milde opwinding tot intense agitatie of paniek.

Waarom is fysiologische arousal belangrijk?

  • Overleving: Fysiologische arousal helpt ons om alert te zijn op gevaar en snel te reageren in bedreigende situaties.
  • Prestaties: Optimale arousalniveaus kunnen prestaties verbeteren bij taken die aandacht en focus vereisen.
  • Emoties: Arousal speelt een centrale rol bij het ervaren en uiten van emoties zoals angst, opwinding en plezier.

Wat zijn toepassingen van fysiologische arousal in de praktijk?

  • Stressmanagement: Technieken om arousal te reguleren, zoals ademhalingsoefeningen en mindfulness, kunnen stress en angst
.........Read more
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